Marcel Dicke：为什么不食用昆虫呢？

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http://dotsub.com/view/852844fa-8fba-4fb6-ae98-99c43ebfb42a
Marcel Dicke：为什么不食用昆虫呢？
好了，我向大家再次展示 我们饮食中的食用昆虫。 我想知道观众中有多少人吃过昆虫。 大家曾吃过昆虫吗？ 非常多。 （笑声） 但尽管如此，你们并不代表 这地球上的所有人。 （笑声） 因为地球上百分之八十的人食用昆虫。 但在场吃过昆虫的人也相当多了。
为什么不吃昆虫呢？首先，什么是昆虫？ 用六条腿行走的动物就是昆虫。 你在这图中看到的昆虫仅是一部分。 在这地球上，有六百万种昆虫， 六百万种。 哺乳动物仅有几百种， 昆虫却有六百万种。 事实上，假如我们考虑所有生物个体， 我们会得到更大的数目。 事实是地球上所有的动物， 所有动物种类， 百分之八十的物种都是六条腿行走的动物。 但如果我们计算所有的个体， 称量他们的平均重量， 昆虫平均重量会是200到2000公斤， 相比起地球上，你我中的每一个而言。 在生物量上， 昆虫比我们人类要更加充足。 其实我们不是生活在一个人类星球上， 而是在一个昆虫星球上。 昆虫不仅仅存在于自然界， 它们还跟我们的经济息息相关， 只是通常人们没有察觉。
几年前，有个 保守的估计， 美国经济每年 因昆虫而获益五百七十亿 美元。 这对美国经济是个非常大的 贡献，而且是无偿的。 接着我查看了同一年美国经济 在伊拉克战争的支出是多少 。 八百亿美元。 我们都知道伊拉克战争 花费不菲。 而昆虫， 它们 以同样的数百亿美元 对美国经济作出的无偿贡献，却鲜为人知。 昆虫的贡献不只局限于美国， 而是对世界上任何一个国家，任何一个经济体。
昆虫都做了什么？ 它们清除粪便，给农作物授粉。 我们食用水果中的三分之一 都是 靠它们传粉长成的。 他们抑制害虫。 也是其他动物的食物来源。 昆虫位于食物链的底端。 小动物吃昆虫。 大动物也不例外。 但食用昆虫的小动物 也会被大一点的动物， 甚至更大型的动物捕食。 在食物链的末端，是我们人类食用这些动物。 相当多的人吃昆虫。 这幅图，大家看到我 在中国的一个小省城，丽江-- 这里大约有2百万居民。 如果你外出就餐，就像在鱼庄， 你可以选择你想吃的鱼类产品一样， 选择你想吃的昆虫食品。 他们会烹饪出非常特别的昆虫佳肴。 所以你看到的是，我在享用一顿， 有毛毛虫和蚱蜢， 蜜蜂等的美味佳肴。 每天你都可以尝个鲜。 全球各地，人们正在食用1000余种 的昆虫。 种类远远多于 人们食用的那么几种哺乳动物， 例如牛，猪， 或者羊。 1000多种-- 极其丰富。 现在大家可能会想， 那只是这个中国小城镇的人这么吃罢了，我们可不这样。
可是，我们已经看到在场的很多人 都吃过昆虫，尽管有些只是偶然吃了一次。 但我要告诉大家，我们每个人都吃昆虫， 无一例外。 大家每年至少吃 500克昆虫。 这怎么会呢？ 番茄汤，花生酱， 巧克力，面条-- 你吃过的任何加工食品 都含有昆虫， 因为昆虫就在我们身边， 它们在外边自然界中， 它们也在我们的农作物中。 一些水果进了虫有些损害。 如果是番茄， 他们就被制成番茄汤。 如果它们完好无损，则会被售往杂货店。 这是你们看到的是番茄。 但还有被制成汤的番茄。 只要它们符合 食品署的要求， 加工食品里可以有各种各样的东西， 这没有问题。 事实上，我们为什么还往汤里放肉丸呢？ 里面不早就有昆虫肉了吗？ （笑声） 其实，我们所有的加工食品 所含的蛋白质 比我们想象的要多得多。 所以加工食品都是不错的蛋白质的来源。
现在大家会说， “好吧，我们只是‘不小心’吃了500克的昆虫。” 可是我们在很多食物中 有意食用昆虫。 在幻灯片中，我这儿仅有2个例子 -- 粉红色的饼干和蟹肉条 又或者，堪培利开胃酒。 我们许多食物生产中的红色 都是用天然色素染成的。 蟹肉棒 就是蟹肉，或被卖成蟹肉， 它是白鱼 被染上胭脂红。 而胭脂红是提取于 一种靠仙人掌生活的昆虫产品。 胭脂红 以每年150到180公吨大量生产， 在秘鲁的加那利群岛， 这是笔大买卖。 一克胭脂红 价值约30欧元。 一克黄金 也是30欧元。 所以胭脂红是非常宝贵的东西， 我们用它来给食物染色。
现在全球情况正在变化， 对你我，地球上每个人而言。 人口总数正快速地， 成倍地增长着。 目前地球上有 60亿到70亿人口， 到2050年，总人口数会增加到 约90亿。 这意味着我们有更多的人口要养活。 这是个让越来越多人担忧的问题。 去年十月粮农组织大会 特此就这问题而召开。 我们将怎样养活这个世界？ 请注意上边粮农组织的数据， 它说我们还有多于现在三分之一的人口要养活， 但这需要农业生产提高 百分之七十。 这尤其是因为世界人口总数 在增加， 不仅仅是数量的增加， 而且我们也变得富有了， 人们一旦富裕了就会开始吃更多的食物 也开始吃更多的肉。 实际上，肉类食品的 农业生产成本 很高。
我们饮食由许多动物蛋白质组成， 目前，在这儿，我们中多数人 从家畜， 鱼类，或野味中获取动物蛋白质。 我们吃很多肉。 在发达国家，平均每人每年食用 80公斤的肉， 美国的平均值 更是高达120公斤， 其他一些国家稍微低点， 但平均下来是 每人每年80公斤。 在发展中国家这个平均值要低得多。 每人每年25公斤。 但增长很快。 在中国过去20年中， 这平均值从20公斤增加到了50公斤， 这将会持续下去。 那么如果世界人口的三分之一 正增加他们的肉消费 平均从25公斤增长到80公斤， 另外，世界人口的三分之一 正生活在中国和印度， 我们对肉类食品的需求会变得相当大。 当然，我们不是说， 肉食需求只是对我们而言，不用考虑他们（发展中国家的人们）。 他们和我们一样，享有同等的需求。
我必须说， 在西方国家， 我们吃的肉太多了。 我们其实只需要吃很少就可以， 我知道因为我食素已经很久了。 大家能很容易地做到这一点。 从任何食物中都能获取蛋白质。 然而肉类食品的生产， 却带有很多问题， 而且这些问题会越来越普遍。 我们要面对的第一个问题是人类健康。 猪很像我们人类。 在医学上，猪是人类的临床试验的替代品。 我们甚至可以把猪的器官移植到人身上。 这表明猪和人类有很多共同的疾病。 而猪的疾病， 猪的病毒，和人类的病毒 都能繁殖并扩散。 正因为这种繁殖系统， 猪和人携带的病毒可能变异，并生成一种新病毒。 1990年代荷兰发生过的 典型猪疫就是这么一例。 产生的这种新疾病是会致命的。 大家吃昆虫，因为昆虫和我们非常不相像， 所以这种病毒的变异不会发生。 这是食用昆虫的一点。
（笑声）
还有转换因素。 用10公斤饲料， 大家可以得到1公斤的牛肉， 但也可以得到9公斤的蚱蜢肉。 要是你是个企业家， 你会做什么？ 10公斤的投入， 你会得到也许1公斤或者9公斤的产出。 目前，我们只是选择了这 1公斤，或者5公斤的产出。 我们还没选择那红利 那9公斤的产出。 这是昆虫的第二点好处。
（笑声）
还有环境。 我们假如用10公斤饲料-- （笑声） 它会产出1公斤牛肉， 和其他9公斤的排泄物， 许多是粪便。 假如你生产昆虫，你生产每公斤的昆虫肉， 你有更少的粪便。 更少的排泄物。 此外，每公斤昆虫粪便 产生的氨 和温室气体， 比起牛的粪便 要少得多。 那么昆虫有更少的排泄物， 而且昆虫排泄物不像牛粪一样 对环境有害。 这是昆虫的第三点好处。
（笑声）
当然还有个大疑问， 那就是昆虫是否能有肉类食品 那样高的营养价值。 所有分析表明 昆虫的蛋白质，脂肪，还有维他命 都非常丰富。 事实上，它可以 和目前我们吃的任何肉食相媲美。 即使按热量来衡量，昆虫也是很不错的。 比起10个热狗，或者6个巨无霸， 一公斤蚱蜢能提供同等的 卡路里。 这是食用昆虫的第四点好处。
（笑声）
我可以继续说 许多食用昆虫的好处， 但时间不容许。 所以问题是，为什么不食用昆虫呢？ 我已经给了大家至少4个食用昆虫的理由。 我们得亲自试试。 即使你不喜欢吃昆虫， 你也得学着去适应它。 因为目前， 我们农业用地的百分之七十 都在用来饲养牲畜。 这不仅包括 牲畜圈养地和喂养的地方， 还包括 用于生产和运输的饲料储存地。 我们可以增加一点农业用地， 牺牲雨林， 但不久这就会到一个极限。 如果大家记得，我们需要提高 农业生产百分之七十， 但我们做不到这点。 所以我们最好 从肉食，从牛肉， 转变到食用昆虫。 世界上百分之八十的人 已经食用昆虫， 我们只是少数的一部分人， 例如来自英国，美国， 荷兰等其他地方的少数一部分不食用昆虫的人。 在左手边，你看到的是老挝的市场 那里，人们会大量买卖 各种各样的昆虫，用来做晚餐。 在右手边，你看到的是蚱蜢。 那里的人们吃蚱蜢， 不是因为他们没有肉吃， 而是因为他们觉得昆虫很美味。 昆虫是非常棒的食物。 人们可以享用很多种类的昆虫。 这有很多好处。
事实上，很多我们所谓的美味 像极了这种蚱蜢： 虾，一种美味 卖得很贵。 谁不喜欢吃虾呢？ 极少的人不喜欢吃虾， 但是龙虾，螃蟹 或者小龙虾 都是非常相似的种类。 它们都是美味佳肴。 事实上，蚱蜢就是陆地上的龙虾， 蚱蜢会使我们的饮食变得非常丰富。 那么我们为什么还不食用昆虫呢？ 也许这是心理的问题。 我们不习惯吃昆虫， 我们视昆虫，这些生物与我们格格不入。 这就是为什么我们正试图改变人们对昆虫的认知。 我和我的同事， Arnold van Huis阿诺德·范·休伊斯，尽我们所能， 告诉人们什么是昆虫， 他们有什么特别之处， 在大自然中，他们起到怎样举足轻重的作用。 实际上，没有昆虫， 我们人类也不会出现在这屋子里。 因为如果昆虫灭绝， 我们人类也会很快灭绝。 假如人类灭绝了，昆虫还会很快乐地繁衍下去。
（笑声）
所以我们得去适应食用昆虫的想法。 有些人会想，昆虫还没被量产以至于可以日常食用。 其实昆虫已经被量产。 在荷兰，企业家们生产昆虫， 在现场观众中就有他们中的一员， 玛丽安.彼得斯，照片里的这位。 我预计今年年底，大家会在超市买到昆虫食品， 不是一眼就能辨认出来，而是作为动物蛋白质 出现在食物里。 也许到2020年， 你买昆虫食品的时候就知道这是一种可食用的昆虫。 它们会被做成最美味的佳肴。 一位荷兰的巧克力师傅。
（音乐） （掌声） 可以有很多设计来制作昆虫巧克力。
（笑声）
在荷兰，我们有一位富有革新精神的农业部长， 在她任职期间，在餐馆她要求把昆虫 添加到主菜单。 当她最近邀请欧盟所有农业部长 来海牙时， 她在一家高级餐馆招待所有部长， 他们所有人一起食用昆虫。 这不是我的个人爱好。 这是实实在在发生的事。 为什么不吃昆虫呢？ 你得亲自试试。 几年前，我们同时有1750个人一起， 在荷兰瓦赫宁恩城的广场上， 食用昆虫， 这在当时还是个大新闻。 我认为不久，当我们所有人都吃昆虫时，这就不会是大新闻了， 因为这再平常不过了。
那么今天大家会亲自食用昆虫， 我会说享用吧。 我有请布鲁诺来尝试一下， 他尝第一口。
（掌声）
Bruno Giussani布鲁诺·朱萨尼：先看看这些美味。
Marcel Dicke马赛·狄基：都是蛋白质。
BG：它们的确是大家在视频里看到的昆虫美味。 它们看起来非常可口。 他们用坚果或者别的东西来点缀昆虫。
MD：谢谢。
（掌声）

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Marcel Dicke: Why not eat insects?
Okay, I'm going to show you again something about our diets. And I would like to know what the audience is. And so who of you ever ate insects? That's quite a lot. (Laughter) But still, you're not representing the overall population of the Earth. (Laughter) Because there's 80 percent out there that really eats insects. But this is quite good.

Why not eat insects? Well first, what are insects? Insects are animals that walk around on six legs. And here you see just a selection. There's six million species of insects on this planet, six million species. There's a few hundreds of mammals -- six million species of insects. In fact, if we count all the individual organisms, we would come at much larger numbers. In fact, of all animals on Earth, of all animal species, 80 percent walks on six legs. But if we would count all the individuals, and take an average weight of them, it would amount to something like 200 to 2,000 kg. for each of you and me on Earth. That means that in terms of biomass insects are more abundant than we are. And we're not on a planet of men, but we're on a planet of insects. Insects are not only there in nature, but they also are involved in our economy, usually without us knowing.

There was an estimation, a conservative estimation, a couple of years ago that the U.S. economy benefited by 57 billion dollars per year. It's a number -- very large -- a contribution to the economy of the United States for free. And so I looked up what the economy was paying for the war in Iraq in the same year. It was 80 billion U.S. dollars. Well we know that that was not a cheap war. So insects, just for free, contribute to the economy of the United States with about the same order of magnitude just for free, without everyone knowing. And not only in the States, but in any country, in any economy.

What do they do? They remove dung, they pollinate our crops. A third of all the fruits that we eat are all a result of insects taking care of the reproduction of plants. They control pests. And they're food for animals. They're at the start of food chains. Small animals eat insects. Even larger animals eat insects. But the small animals that eat insects are being eaten by larger animals, still larger animals. And at the end of the food chain, we are eating them as well. There's quite a lot of people that are eating insects. And here you see me in a small, provincial town in China, Lijiang -- about two million inhabitants. If you go out for dinner, like in a fish restaurant, where you can select which fish you want to eat, you can select which insects you would like to eat. And they prepare it in a wonderful way. And here you see me enjoying a meal with caterpillars, locusts, bee, [unclear] delicacies. And you can eat something new everyday. There's more than 1,000 species of insects that are being eaten all around the globe. That's quite a bit more than just a few mammals that we're eating, like a cow or a pig or a sheep. More than 1,000 species -- an enormous variety. And now you may think, okay, in this provincial town in China they're doing that, but not us.

Well we've seen already that quite some of you already ate insects maybe occasionally. But I can tell you that everyone of you is eating insects, without any exception. You're eating at least 500 grams per year. What are you eating? Tomato soup, peanut butter, chocolate, noodles -- any processed food that you're eating contains insects, because insects are here all around us, and when they're out there in nature they're also in our crops. Some fruits get some insect damage. Those are the fruits, if they're tomato, that go to the tomato soup. If they don't have any damage, they go to the grocery. And that's your view of a tomato. But there's tomatoes that end up in a soup. And as long as they meet the requirements of the food agency, there can be all kinds of things in there, no problem. In fact, why would we put these balls in the soup, there's meat in there anyway? (Laughter) In fact, all our processed foods contain more proteins than we would be aware of. So anything is a protein source already.

Now you may say, "Okay, so we're eating 500 grams just by accident." We're even doing this on purpose in a lot of food items that we have. I have only two items here on the slide -- pink cookies or surimi sticks or, if you like, Campari. A lot of our food products that are of a red color are dyed with a natural dye. The surimi sticks is crab meat, or is being sold as crab meat, is white fish that's being dyed with cochineal. Cochineal is a product of an insect that lives off the cacti. It's being produced in large amounts, 150 to 180 metric tons per year, in the Canary Islands in Peru, and it's big business. One gram of cochineal costs about 30 euros. One gram of gold is 30 euros. So it's a very precious thing that we're using to dye our foods.

Now the situation in the world is going to change, for you and me, for everyone on this Earth. The human population is growing very rapidly and is growing exponentially. Where at the moment we have something between six and seven billion people, it will grow to about nine billion in 2050. That means that we have a lot more mouths to feed. And this is something that worries more and more people. There was an FAO conference last October that was completely devoted to this. How are we going to feed this world? And if you look at the figures up there, it says that we have a third more mouths to feed, but we need agricultural production increase of 70 percent. And that's especially because this world population in increasing, and it's increasing, not only in numbers, but we're also getting wealthier, and anyone that gets wealthier starts to eat more and also starts to eat more meat. And meat, in fact, is something that costs a lot of our agricultural production.

Our diet consists for some part of animal proteins, and at the moment, most of us here get it from livestock, from fish, from game. And we eat quite a lot of it. In the Developed World it's on average 80 kg. per person per year, which goes up to 120 in the United States and a bit lower in some other countries, but on average 80 kg. per person per year. In the Developing World it's much lower. It's 25 kg. per person per year. But it's increasing enormously. In China in the last 20 years, it increased from 20 to 50, and it's still increasing. So if a third of the world population is going to increase its meat consumption from 25 to 80 on average, and a third of the world population is living in China and in India, we're having an enormous demand on meat. And of course, we are not there to say, it's only for us, it's not for them. They have the same share that we have.

Now to start with, I should say that we are eating way too much meat in the Western world. We could do with much, much less -- and I know, I've been a vegetarian for a long time. And you can easily do without anything. You'll get proteins in any kind of food anyway. But then there's a lot of problems that come with meat production, and we're being faced with that more and more often. The first problem that we're facing is human health. Pigs are quite like us. They're even models in medicine. And we can even transplant organs from a pig to a human. That means that pigs also share diseases with us. And a pig disease, a pig virus, and a human virus can both proliferate. And because of their kind of reproduction, they can combine and produce a new virus. This has happened in The Netherlands in the 1990's during the classical swine fever outbreak. You get a new disease that can be deadly. We eat insects -- they're so distantly related from us, that this doesn't happen. So that's one point for insects.

(Laughter)

And there's the conversion factor. You take 10 kg. of feed, you can get one kg. of beef, but you can get nine kg. of locust meat. So if you would be an entrepreneur, what would you do? With 10 kg. of input, you can get either one or nine kg. of output. So far we're taking the one, or up to five kg. of output. We're not taking the bonus yet. We're not taking the nine kg. of output yet. So that's two points for insects.

(Laughter)

And there's the environment. If we take 10 kg. of food -- (Laughter) and it results in one kilogram of beef, the other nine kg. are waste, and a lot of that is manure. If you produce insects, you have less manure per kg. of meat that you produce. So less waste. Furthermore, per kg. of manure, you have much, much less ammonia and fewer greenhouse gases when you have insect manure than when you have cow manure. So you have less waste, and the waste that you have is not as environmental malign as it is with cow dung. So that's three points for insects.

(Laughter)

Now there's a big "if" of course, and it is if insects produce meat that is of good quality. Well there have been all kinds of analysese and in terms of protein, or fat, or vitamins, it's very good. In fact, it's comparable to anything we eat as meat at the moment. And even in terms of calories, it is very good. One kg. of grasshoppers has the same amount of calories as 10 hot dogs, or six Big Macs. So that's four points for insects.

(Laughter)

I can go on, and I could make many more points for insects, but time doesn't allow this. So the question is, why not eat insects? I gave you at least four arguments in favor. We'll have to. Even if you don't like it, you'll have to get used to this. Because at the moment, 70 percent of all our agricultural land is being used to produce livestock. That's not only the land where the livestock is walking and feeding, but it's also other areas where the feed is being produced and being transported. We can increase it a bit at the expense of rainforests, but there's a limitation very soon. And if you remember that we need to increase agricultural production by 70 percent, we're not going to make it that way. We could much better from meat, from beef, to insects. And then 80 percent of the world already eats insects, so we are just a minority -- in a country like the U.K., the USA, The Netherlands, anywhere. On the left-hand side, you see a market in Laos where they have abundantly present all kinds of insects that you choose for dinner for the night. On the right-hand side you see a grasshopper. So people there are eating them, not because they're hungry, but because they think it's a delicacy. It's just very good food. You can vary enormously. It has many benefits.

In fact, we have delicacy that's very much like this grasshopper: shrimps, a delicacy being sold at a high price. Who wouldn't like to eat a shrimp? There are a few people who don't like shrimp, but shrimp, or crabs, or crayfish, are very closely related. They are delicacies. In fact, a locust is a shrimp of the land, and it would make very good into our diet. So why are we not eating insects yet? Well that's just a matter of mindset. We're not used to it, and we see insects as these organisms that are very different from us. That's why we're changing the perception of insects. And I'm working very hard with my colleague, Arnold van Huis, in telling people what insects are, what magnificent things they are, what magnificent jobs they do in nature. And in fact, without insects, we would not be here in this room. Because if the insects die out, we will soon die out as well. If we die out, the insects will continue very happily.

(Laughter)

So we have to get used to the idea of eating insects. And someone might think, well they're not yet available. Well they are. There are entrepreneurs in The Netherlands that produce them, and one of them is here in the audience, Marian Peeters, who's in the picture. I predict that later this year, you'll get them in the supermarkets -- not visible, but as animal protein in the food. And maybe by 2020, you'll buy them just knowing that this is an insect that you're going to eat. And they're being made in the most wonderful ways. A Dutch chocolate maker. (Music) (Applause) So there's even a lot of design to it.

(Laughter)

Well in the Netherlands, we have an innovative minister of agriculture, and she puts the insects on the menu in her restaurant in her ministry. And when she got all the ministers of agriculture of the E.U. over to The Hague recently, she went to a high-class restaurant, and they ate insects all together. It's not something that is a hobby of mine. It's really taken off the ground. So why not eat insects? You should try it yourself. A couple of years ago, we had 1,750 people all together in a square in Wageningen town, and they ate insects at the same moment, and this was still big, big news. I think soon it will not be big news anymore when we all eat insects, because it's just a normal way of doing.

So you can try it yourself today, and I would say enjoy. And I'm going to show to Bruno some first tries, and he can have the first bite.

(Applause)

Bruno Giussani: Look at them first. Look at them first.

Marcel Dicke: It's all protein.

BG: That's exactly the same [one]you saw in the video actually. And it looks delicious. They just make it [with] nuts or something.

MD: Thank you.

(Applause)