Carlo Ratti:建築可以感知響應的互動環境

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http://dotsub.com/view/56ff89a2-24d3-443c-af5b-e2e949ee0d49
Carlo Ratti:建築可以感知響應的互動環境
下午好，大家。我有事要告诉你。 （众笑）想想看作为一个像素，飞行像素。这就是我们所说的在我们的实验室中，明智的设计。让我告诉你这一点。现在，如果你把这张照片 - 我是意大利人最初，每个在意大利这个男孩长大在他卧室的墙上。但原因我展示你，这是非常有趣的东西在F1赛车发生了过去几十年。现在，前一段时间，如果你想赢得一级方程式比赛，你需要的预算，而你打赌，你是一个好司机和一名好车预算。而如果车和司机打得好，那你赢得了比赛。现在，今天，如果你想赢得比赛，其实你也需要这样的东西 - 这在实时监控车，有几千元的汽车传感器收集信息，传​​递此系统的信息，然后处理它和使用它来回去的决定和实时变化的事物汽车作为信息收集。这是什么，在工程中，你会调用实时控制系统。基本上，它的两个组成部分的一个系统 - 传感和驱动元件。
有意思的是，今天的实时控制系统已开始进入我们的生活。我们的城市，在过去的几年里，只是一直与网络覆盖，电子产品。他们变得喜欢在露天的电脑。而且，在露天的电脑，他们开始以不同的方式作出反应，以便能够被觉察和被驱动。如果我们固定的城市，实际上它是一个大问题。正如另外，我想提及，城市只有两种地壳百分之，但他们是50世界人口的百分比。他们百分之75的能源消耗 - 高达百分之80的二氧化碳排放量。因此，如果我们能够做一些事情与城市，这是一个大问题。除了城市，这都是传感和致动进入我们的日常物品。
这从一个展览Paola安东利是在纽约现代艺术博物馆举办今年晚些时候在夏季。这就是所谓的“跟我说话。”那么我们的对象，我们的环境，已开始向我们顶嘴。在一定意义上说，它几乎好像每个原子那里变得既传感器和执行器。这是从根本上改变我们的互动，与那里的人类环境。在一定意义上说，它几乎如米开朗基罗的旧梦...你知道，当米开朗基罗雕刻的摩西在最后，它说，他的铁锤，把它在摩西 - 其实你仍然可以看到下面的小芯片 - 并表示，喊道：“佩尔奇非parli为什么不？难道你说话吗？“那么今天，第一次，我们的环境已开始向我们顶嘴。我会只显示几个例子 - 再次，我们这个环境传感及致动的想法。
让我们开始与检测。井的第一个项目，我想与大家分享，其实就是由我们实验室的首批项目之一。这是四年半前几年在意大利。而我们去做什么，实际上使用的是已经在全世界范围内部署了一次新型的网络 - 这是一个手机网络 - 和使用匿名和汇总信息的网络，这是由运营商收取无论如何，以了解这个城市的作品。夏季是一个幸运的夏天 - 2006年。这是当时意大利赢得了世界杯足球赛。你们有些人可能还记得，这是意大利和法国玩，然后齐达内在最后，headbutt。不管怎样，意大利赢得了最后。
（众笑）
现在看看那天发生的事情只是通过监测活动在网络上发生的事情。这里你可以看到这个城市。你看，中间的台伯河的竞技场。它的早晨，在比赛前。你看，在上面的时间表。下午早些时候，人们在这里和那里拨打电话和移动。比赛开始 - 沉默。法国分数。意大利分数。半场结束时，人们作出一个简短的电话，去了洗手间。下半年。正常时间结束。第一个加时赛，第二。齐达内，在一个时刻headbutt。意大利获胜。是啊。 （众笑）（鼓掌）好了，那天晚上，大家都去庆祝的中心。你看到的大高峰。第二天，大家来到该中心，以满足胜利的队伍，当时的首相。然后每个人都感动了。你看这个地方的形象称为圆环马西莫，其中，自罗马时代，人们去庆祝 - 有一个大党，你看到在这一天结束的高峰。好吧，这只是一个如何我们可以感受到这个城市今天的方式，例如，我们不可能仅仅在几年前完成。
另一项关于遥感简单的例子：这不是人，而是我们对事物的使用和消费。那么今天，我们知道我们的对象来自那里的一切。这是一个图，显示所有的芯片，形成了Mac电脑，他们是如何走到了一起。但我们知道事情非常关注的地方很少。因此，在这个项目中，我们实际上开发了一些小标签来跟踪垃圾，因为它通过系统的行动。所以，我们实际上启动的志愿者谁帮助我们在西雅图数量，仅仅一年多以前，他们是来标记扔掉 - 不同类型的东西，你可以在这里看到的 - 事情无论如何他们将扔掉。然后我们把一个小芯片，小到垃圾标记，然后开始追踪它。下面是我们刚刚获得的结果。
（音乐）
从西雅图...一个星期后。有了这个信息，我们意识到有很多的低效率的制度。事实上，我们可以用更少能源做同样的事情。这个数据没有被公开过。但有一个浪费的运输和发生令人费解的事情很多。但是其他的事情是，我们相信，如果我们每天都看到我们的杯子扔掉，它不会消失，它仍然在地球上的某个地方。和塑料瓶扔掉我们每天仍然停留在那里。如果我们表明，对人，那么我们还可以促进一些行为的改变。所以这是该项目的原因。
我在麻省理工学院，阿萨夫Biderman同事，他能告诉你更多关于遥感和许多其他美好的事物，我们可以做检测，但我要到第二部分，我们在开始讨论，这就是驱动我们的环境。而第一个项目是我们以前没有在西班牙萨拉戈萨一两年。它开始由城市，谁来到我们说，西班牙和南欧有一个在公共场所使用太空水的建筑，美丽的传统市长的问题。而问题是：怎么能技术，新工艺，加入到了吗？而其中一个被开发的一个研讨会在麻省理工学院的时候，想像这条管道的想法，和你有阀，电磁阀，制表符，打开和关闭。你创造这样的一个像素的水制成水幕。如果这些像素秋天，你可以写上它，你可以显示模式，图像，文字。你甚至可以接近它，它会打开，让你跳，你在这个图片看到的。
那么，我们提出这个市长Belloch。他非常喜欢它。 ，我们得到了一个委员会来设计的世博会在入口处的建设。我们称之为数字水馆。整个建筑是水做的。有没有门窗，但是当你接近它，它就会打开，让你进来（音乐）屋顶也被水覆盖。如果有一个风位，如果你希望尽量减少飞溅，你其实可以降低屋顶。或者你可以关闭该建筑，整个建筑将消失，就像在这种情况下。你知道，这些天，你总是在冬天的图像时，他们把屋顶下来谁去过那里，说，人们“他们拆除的建筑。”不，他们没有拆除它，只是当它出现故障，该架构几乎消失。这里的建设工作。你看，人对里面发生了什么困惑。在这里，就是我自己尽量不淋湿，检测传感器，打开水。
好吧，我要告诉你一个晚上发生了什么事时，所有的传感器停止工作。但实际上在那个夜晚，甚至更多的乐趣。所有的孩子们来到了从萨拉戈萨的建设，因为与建筑引人入胜的方式成为不同的东西。现在不一样了一个建设，以开放，让你进去，而是一个建筑，仍然能够削减并通过水孔，而你又跳不沾水。
（视频）（人群噪音）
而这，对我们来说，是非常有趣，因为，作为建筑师，如工程师，设计师，我们总是想别人会怎样使用的东西，我们的设计。但后来事实总是难以预料。而这就是这样做的使用和与他人互动事物的美。
下面是一个图像然后与物理像素建设，水做的像素，然后对他们的预测。而这正是导致我们思考下列项目中，我会告诉你。这，其实可以想像的像素开始飞行。想象一下，你可能还有在空中移动，并在不断变化的灯光小像素那么他们中的每个小直升机 - 几乎像一朵云，可以移动的空间。这里是视频。
（音乐）
所以，想象一架直升机，就像我们以前看到的，移动与他人同步。所以，你也可以让云。你可以有一个灵活的屏幕或显示器这样，善良 - 经常在两方面的配置。或正规，但在三个方面，那里的东西，改变是光，而不是像素的位置。你可以玩不同的类型。想象一下你的屏幕可以只出现在不同的尺度或大小，不同类型的决议。但是，那么整个事情可以只是一个像素，你可以通过它的方法和移动，看到了许多，许多方向的三维云。这里是真正的Flyfire控制和下降，形成像以前的普通V。当你打开灯，其实你看到这一点。因此，我们看到以前一样。并想象当时他们每个人所控制的人。你可以有每个像素有一个输入，来自人民，由人民运动，或某某。
我想告诉你一些第一次来这里。我们一直与Roberto Bolle，今天的顶级芭蕾舞演员之一 - 在纽约和米兰的斯卡拉歌剧院在大都会之星 - 实际上他的3D动作捕捉，以便以此作为Flyfire输入。在这里你可以看到罗伯托跳舞。你看左边的像素，不同的分辨率被抓获。它既是实时三维扫描动作捕捉。所以，你可以重建整个运动。你可以去，一路过关斩将。但是，一旦我们的像素，那么你可以和他们一起玩和玩的颜色和运动，重力和旋转。因此，我们希望以此作为对Flyfire这可能投入之一。
我想告诉你的最后一个项目，我们正在努力。这是我们正在努力为伦敦奥运会上。这就是所谓的云。而这里的想法是，想象，同样，我们可以做一些参与和改变我们的环境的人 - 几乎就是我们所说的传授提高云 - 像谷仓的提高，但有云。大家想象一下，你可以为一个像素一个小捐赠。而且我觉得有什么值得注意的是在过去几年里发生的事情是，在过去几十年，我们从物理世界到了数码相机。这一切都被数字化，知识和决策，通过互联网访问。
现在，今天第一次 - 和奥巴马竞选向我们展示这一点 - 我们可以从数字世界从网络自组织力量，对物理之一。这可以在我们的例子中，我们要使用的设计，做一个象征。这意味着在一个城市建东西。但明天它也可以，为了应对今天的到​​来的挑战 - 关于气候变化和二氧化碳排放认为 - 我们如何能够从数码世界去到物理之一。这样的想法，我们可以真正参与人一起做这个东西，统称。
云是云，再次，在像素作为真正的云一样，是由粒子组成的云。而这些粒子是水，在那里我们的云是云的像素。这是一个在伦敦的物理结构，但像素覆盖。您可以移动里面，有不同类型的经验。实际上，你可以看到下面，分享在2012年及以后的奥运会的主时刻，真正使用的一种方式，就可以与社会各界的。所以无论是在天空中的云物理的东西，你可以去[的]最喜欢伦敦的新的山顶。你可以在里面输入。而一个新的夜间灯塔一种数字 - 但最重要的是，任何人的经验新型谁去到顶部。
谢谢。
（鼓掌）


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Carlo Ratti: Architecture that senses and responds
Good afternoon, everybody. I've got something to show you. (Laughter) Think about this as a pixel, a flying pixel. This is what we call, in our lab, sensible design. Let me tell you a bit about it. Now if you take this picture -- I'm Italian originally, and every boy in Italy grows up with this picture on the wall of his bedroom. But the reason I'm showing you this is that something very interesting happened in Formula 1 racing over the past couple of decades. Now some time ago, if you wanted to win a Formula 1 race, you take a budget, and you bet your budget on a good driver and a good car. And if the car and the driver were good enough, then you'd win the race. Now today, if you want to win the race, actually you need also something like this -- something that monitors the car in real time, has a few thousand sensors collecting information from the car, transmitting this information into the system, and then processing it and using it in order to go back to the car with decisions and changing things in real time as information is collected. This is what, in engineering terms, you would call a real time control system. And basically, it's a system made of two components -- a sensing and an actuating component.

What is interesting today is that real time control systems are starting to enter our lives. Our cities, over the past few years, just have been blanketed with networks, electronics. They're becoming like computers in open air. And, as computers in open air, they're starting to respond in a different way to be able to be sensed and to be actuated. If we fix cities, actually it's a big deal. Just as an aside, I wanted to mention, cities are only two percent of the Earth's crust, but they are 50 percent of the world's population. They are 75 percent of the energy consumption -- up to 80 percent of CO2 emissions. So if we're able to do something with cities, that's a big deal. Beyond cities, all of this sensing and actuating is entering our everyday objects.

That's from an exhibition Paola Antonelli is organizing at MoMA later this year, during the summer. It's called "Talk to Me." Well our objects, our environment, is starting to talk back to us. In a certain sense, it's almost as if every atom out there were becoming both a sensor and an actuator. And that is radically changing the interaction we have as humans with the environment out there. In a certain sense, it's almost as in the old dream of Michelangelo ... you know, when Michelangelo sculpted the Moses, at the end it said that he took the hammer, threw it at the Moses -- actually you can still see a small chip underneath -- and said, shouted, "Perché non parli? Why don't you talk?" Well today, for the first time, our environment is starting to talk back to us. And I'll show just a few examples -- again, with this idea of our sensing our environment and actuating.

Let's starting with sensing. Well the first project I wanted to share with you is actually one of the first projects by our lab. It was four and a half years ago in Italy. And what we did there was actually use a new type of network at the time that had been deployed all across the world -- that's a cellphone network -- and use anonymous and aggregated information from that network, that's collected anyway by the operator in order to understand how the city works. The summer was a lucky summer -- 2006. It's when Italy won the soccer World Cup. Some of you might remember, it was Italy and France playing, and then Zidane at the end, the headbutt. And anyway, Italy won at the end.

(Laughter)

Now look at what happened that day just by monitoring activity happening on the network. Here you see the city. You see the Colosseum in the middle, the river Tiber. It's morning, before the match. You see the timeline on the top. Early afternoon, people here and there making calls and moving. The match begins -- silence. France scores. Italy scores. Halftime, people make a quick call and go to the bathroom. Second half. End of normal time. First overtime, second. Zidane, the headbutt in a moment. Italy wins. Yeah. (Laughter) (Applause) Well, that night, everybody went to celebrate in the center. You saw the big peak. The following day, everybody went to the center to meet the winning team and the prime minister at the time. And then everybody moved down. You see the image of the place called Circo Massimo, where, since Roman times, people go to celebrate -- to have a big party, and you see the peak at the end of the day. Well, that's just one example of how we can sense the city today, in a way that we couldn't have done just a few years ago.

Another quick example about sensing: it's not about people, but about things we use and consume. Well today, we know everything about where our objects come from. This is a map that shows you all the chips that form a Mac computer, how they came together. But we know very little about where things go. So in this project, we actually developed some small tags to track trash as it moves through the system. So we actually started with a number of volunteers who helped us in Seattle, just over a year ago, to tag what they were throwing away -- different types of things, as you can see here -- things they would throw away anyway. Then we put a little chip, little tag, onto the trash and then started following it. Here are the results we just obtained.

(Music)

From Seattle ... after one week. With this information we realized there's a lot of inefficiencies in the system. We can actually do the same thing with much less energy. This data was not available before. But there's a lot of wasted transportation and convoluted things happening. But the other thing is that we believe that if we see everyday that the cup we're throwing away, it doesn't disappear, it's still somewhere on the planet. And the plastic bottle we're throwing away everyday still stays there. And if we show that to people, then we can also promote some behavioral change. So that was the reason for the project.

My colleague at MIT, Assaf Biderman, he could tell you much more about sensing and many other wonderful things we can do with sensing, but I wanted to go to the second part we discussed at the beginning, and that's actuating our environment. And the first project is something we did a couple of years ago in Zaragoza, Spain. It started with a question by the mayor of the city, who came to us saying that Spain and Southern Europe have a beautiful tradition of using water in public space, in architecture. And the question was: How could technology, new technology, be added to that? And one of the ideas that was developed at MIT in a workshop was, imagine this pipe, and you've got valves, solenoid valves, tabs, opening and closing. You create like a water curtain with pixels made of water. If those pixels fall, you can write on it, you can show patterns, images, text. And you can even approach it, and it will open up to let you jump through, as you see in this image.

Well, we presented this to Mayor Belloch. He liked it very much. And we got a commission to design a building at the entrance of the expo. We called it Digital Water Pavilion. The whole building is made of water. There's no doors or windows, but when you approach it, it will open up to let you in. (Music) The roof also is covered with water. And if there's a bit of wind, if you want to minimize splashing, you can actually lower the roof. Or you could close the building, and the whole architecture will disappear, like in this case. You know, these days, you always get images during the winter when they take the roof down of people who have been there and said, "They demolished the building." No, they didn't demolish it, just when it goes down, the architecture almost disappears. Here's the building working. You see the person puzzled about what was going on inside. And here was myself trying not to get wet, testing the sensors that open the water.

Well I should tell you now what happened one night when all of the sensors stopped working. But actually that night, it was even more fun. All the kids from Zaragoza came to the building, because the way of engaging with the building became something different. Not anymore a building that would open up to let you in, but a building that would still make cuts and holes through the water, and you had to jump without getting wet.

(Video) (Crowd Noise)

And that, for us, was very interesting, because, as architects, as engineers, as designers, we always think about how people will use the things we design. But then reality's always unpredictable. And that's the beauty of doing things that are used and interact with people.

Here is an image then of the building with the physical pixels, the pixels made of water, and then projections on them. And this is what led us to think about the following project I'll show you now. That's, imagine those pixels could actually start flying. Imagine you could have small helicopters that move in the air, and then each of them with a small pixel in changing lights -- almost as a cloud that can move in space. Here is the video.

(Music)

So imagine one helicopter, like the one we saw before, moving with others, in synchrony. So you can have this cloud. You can have a kind of flexible screen or display, like this -- a regular configuration in two dimensions. Or in regular, but in three dimensions, where the thing that changes is the light, not the pixels' position. You can play with a different type. Imagine your screen could just appear in different scales or sizes, different types of resolution. But then the whole thing can be just a 3D cloud of pixels that you can approach and move through it and see from many, many directions. Here is the real Flyfire control and going down to form the regular V as before. When you turn on the light, actually you see this. So the same as we saw before. And imagine each of them then controlled by people. You can have each pixel having an input that comes from people, from people's movement, or so and so.

I want to show you something here for the first time. We've been working with Roberto Bolle, one of today's top ballet dancers -- the étoile at Metropolitan in New York and La Scala in Milan -- and actually captured his movement in 3D in order to use it as an input for Flyfire. And here you can see Roberto dancing. You see on the left the pixels, the different resolutions being captured. It's both 3D scanning in real time and motion capture. So you can reconstruct a whole movement. You can go all the way through. But then, once we have the pixels, then you can play with them and play with color and movement and gravity and rotation. So we want to use this as one of the possible inputs for Flyfire.

I wanted to show you the last project we are working on. It's something we're working on for the London Olympics. It's called The Cloud. And the idea here is, imagine, again, we can involve people in doing something and changing our environment -- almost to impart what we call cloud raising -- like barn raising, but with a cloud. Imagine you can have everybody make a small donation for one pixel. And I think what is remarkable that has happened over the past couple of years is that, over the past couple of decades, we went from the physical world to the digital one. This has been digitizing everything, knowledge, and making that accessible through the Internet.

Now today, for the first time -- and the Obama campaign showed us this -- we can go from the digital world, from the self-organizing power of networks, to the physical one. This can be, in our case, we want to use it for designing and doing a symbol. That means something built in a city. But tomorrow it can be, in order to tackle today's approaching challenges -- think about climate change or CO2 emissions -- how we can go from the digital world to the physical one. So the idea that we can actually involve people in doing this thing together, collectively.

The cloud is a cloud, again, made of pixels, in the same way as the real cloud is a cloud made of particles. And those particles are water, where our cloud is a cloud of pixels. It's a physical structure in London, but covered with pixels. You can move inside, have different types of experiences. You can actually see from underneath, sharing the main moments for the Olympics in 2012 and beyond, and really using it as a way to connect with the community. So both the physical cloud in the sky and something you can go to the top [of], like London's new mountaintop. You can enter inside it. And a kind of new digital beacon for the night -- but most importantly, a new type of experience for anybody who will go to the top.

Thank you.

(Applause)