Edith Widder: 发光的神秘和奇妙世界

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Edith Widder: 发光的神秘和奇妙世界
所以，我想采取一个对陌生的世界你绊倒。而且这不是一次出行需要轻旅行多年，但它的一个地方的光定义的地方。
所以这是一个鲜为人知的事实，赞赏我们的海洋动物中最使光。我已经花了我职业生涯中最研究这一现象称为生物发光。我学习，因为我觉得理解是至关重要的理解，在海洋中发生的最发光的生活。我还用一种工具，可视化和跟踪污染。但大多数我着迷了。自从我就在我的深潜水潜水，当我去下来，关掉了灯，看到烟花汇演首次潜水，我是一个发光junky。但我会回来的潜水，并尝试用文字分享经验，他们完全无法承担​​的任务。我需要一些方式来分享经验直接。并在第一时间我想通了，办法是在这小小的单人潜水称作深孚。
下一个视频剪辑，你将看到我们如何刺激发光。的第一件事情你要看到的是一个断面屏幕，直径大约一米的。
（视频）旁白：在前面的小组，一个烂摊子屏幕将接触到了深海的软躯体动物。与小组的灯关掉，可以看到他们的发光 - 他们与时产生碰撞的光网。这是有史以来第一次被记录。
伊迪丝威德：所以我录，随摄像机已经加紧对完全暗适应人眼的灵敏度。这意味着，真的是你会看到什么，如果你拿到了一个潜水潜水。但为了试图证明这一事实给你，我带了一些发光浮游生物在什么无疑是在现场演示有勇无谋的尝试。
（众笑）
因此，如果我们能有灯光暗下来，作为在这里成为可能，我有一个瓶子中有发光的浮游生物。而且你会注意到有没有光从他们正好来了，要么是因为他们死了 - （笑），或是因为我需要挑起一些方法可以让你看到发光确实看起来像个他们。
（喘息）
哎呀。抱歉。
（众笑）
我花了我大部分时间在黑暗中工作，我已经习惯了这一点。好的。
使光线是由一个发光甲藻，单细胞藻类。那么，为什么一个单细胞藻类需要能够产生光？嗯，用它来抵御它的天敌本身。闪光灯如需要帮助的尖叫声。这就是作为一个发光防盗报警器而闻名。而就喜欢上你的车，或者家中报警器，它的目的是投射到入侵者不必要的注意，从而导致他要么捕捉或吓唬他。
有一个使用的nimals例如这个黑dragonfish这一招，很多。它有一个眼睛的光线下，它的器官。它有一个下巴触须。它有一个其他器官不能光看到的很多，但在这里你会看到一分钟。因此，我们不得不追逐潜水相当一段时间这一点，因为这种鱼的最高时速是一个结，这是对潜水的最高速度。但这是值得的，因为我们陷入了一个特殊的捕获设备上，带进实验室它在船上，然后在这种鱼灯的一切。这是令人难以置信。眼睛下方闪烁的光器官。这下巴触须闪烁。它有它的肚子是闪烁的，鳍灯光的器官。这是一个帮助尖叫，它的目的是引起人们的关注。这是惊人的。而你通常不会有机会看到这一点，因为我们已经用尽了发光当我们把它们的鱼网。
还有其他方法可以捍卫自己的光。例如，此虾释放到水中的化学物质，而这种方式发光鱿鱼，章鱼会释放一种墨水云。这百叶窗或分散了食肉动物。这个小鱿鱼被称为是因为它能够做到这一点的火枪手。现在可能看起来像一个美味佳肴，或猪的头部和翅膀 - （众笑），但如果它的攻击，提出了一连串的光线 - 事实上，一个光子鱼雷的攻击。我只勉强得到了熄灯时间，在你能够看到那些打到屏幕灯光断面​​采空区，然后就容光焕发。这是惊人的。
所以这是一个开放的海洋动物在很多 - 其中大多数，使光。我们已经对大部分孩子来说一个相当不错的主意，为什么。他们利用寻找吸引对天敌捍卫队友，食品，它。但是，当你下到海底，这就是事情变得很奇怪。这些动物和一些可能的东西你看到的灵感在“头像”，但你不必前往潘多拉看见他们。他们是这样的事情。
这是一个黄金珊瑚，灌木。它生长速度非常缓慢。事实上，它的思想是，其中有些是高达3000年的历史，它是一个原因，底拖网不应该被允许。另一个原因是这个惊人布什发光。所以，如果你刷反对它，反对任何地方，你刷，你得到这个那双蓝绿色的光，只是瞠目结舌。而你看到这样的事情。这看上去就像一出了苏斯博士的书 - 所有的一切只是在这件事情的生物方式。这些是捕蝇草的银莲花。现在，如果你捅它，它拉在其触角。但如果你一直戳它，它开始产生光。而它实际上结束寻找像一个星系。它产生的光这些字符串，大概因为一些防御形式。
有海星，可以使光。而且有迹象表明，产生的光带，沿蛇尾他们的武器舞蹈。这看起来像植物，但实际上它是一种动物。它在沙锚本身所吹一个关于其股票年底气球。因此，它实际上可以容纳非常强劲的水流本身，因为你在这里看到。但是，如果我们收集很有礼貌的，我们把它进入实验室，只是挤在股票的基地，它生产有鉴于此，从传播的羽干，去改变它的颜色从绿色，蓝色。添加着色和声音效果为您的观赏乐趣。 （众笑），但我们不知道它为什么这样做的。
下面是另外一个。这也是海笔。它有一搭顺风车，脆的明星。这是一个浅绿色的军刀。而像你刚才看到的，它可以产生与这些光带。所以，如果我挤的基础上，从底部到乐队去一角。如果我挤的小费，他们从尖端基地。那么，你认为会发生，如果你挤在中间呢？ （喘气），我会在你的理论非常感兴趣的是什么这是什么。
（众笑）
所以这是一个光在深海的语言，我们刚刚开始了解它。一个办法，我们要去的好处是我们模仿了这些显示器很多。这是一种光学的诱惑，我已经使用。我们把它叫做电子水母。这只是16个蓝色LED，我们可以计划做不同类型的显示器。而我们认为有一个摄像系统我公司开发所谓的眼神看着它合的海，使用远红外光，无形的大多数动物，所以它的不显眼。所以，我只是想告诉你，我们已经从动物在深海中引起一些答复。
所以摄像机的黑色和白色。这不是高清晰度。而你所看到的是一个有一堆诱饵盒 - 海洋般的蟑螂 - 到处都是它等足类动物。和右边是电子水母在前面。当它开始闪烁，它只是将是LED的那闪烁的速度非常快的。但是当它开始闪烁 - 这回事看大，因为它在相机上绽放 - 我要你看看这里。有一些小有作出反应。我们谈论的东西。这就像一串珍珠基本上看起来不大，其实，三串珍珠。这是很一致的。这是在巴哈马群岛约二零零零英尺我们基本上是一个聊天室去这里，因为一旦它得到开始，每个人都在说话。而我认为这实际上是一个虾这释放到水中的生物发光的化学物质。但是，冷静的是，我们谈论它。我们不知道我们在说什么。我个人认为它的东西性感。
（众笑）
然后最后，我想告诉你一些反应，我们与世界的第一个深海摄像头，这是我们在蒙特雷峡谷安装了去年记录。我们才刚刚开始分析所有的数据。这将是一个发光源的第一，这就好比是发光细菌。它是一种光学提示，有腐肉上的海洋底部。因此，这清道夫进来，这是一个巨大的灰六鳃鲨。而且我不能肯定地把它的光源，因为有饵就在这里。但如果它一直羽以下的气味，它就会来在从另一个方向。而实际上它似乎是试图吃的电子水母。这是一个12英尺。灰六鳃鲨长巨。
好了，这下一个是从摄像头，而且将是这个风车显示。这是一个防盗报警器。这是一个洪堡鱿鱼，一个少年洪​​堡鱿鱼，大约三英尺长。这是在蒙特雷峡谷在3000英尺。但如果它是一个防盗报警器，你不会指望它来直接攻击水母。它应该是什么攻击的攻击水母。但我们也看到了这样的反应一群。这家伙是一个多一点沉思。 “嘿，等一下。有应该有别的东西。”他想着它。但他的执着。他一直回来。然后他就离开了几秒钟，想想一些，并认为，“也许我来自一个不同的角度。” （众笑）没有。
因此，我们开始得到处理这一点，但只是刚刚开始。我们需要更多的眼睛的过程。所以，如果你们中有人有机会参加一个潜水的潜水，通过各种手段，爬，走在暴跌。这是应该在每个人的水桶名单，因为我们生活的地球上的海洋。百分之九十以上，百分之99的我们这个星球上的生存空间，是海洋。这是一个神奇的地方，并以惊人的灯展怪异而奇妙的生物，外星生命形式，你不必前往另一个星球上看到填补。
但是，如果你花了一大笔钱，请记得关灯。不过我警告你，它的上瘾。
谢谢。
（鼓掌）


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Edith Widder: The weird and wonderful world of bioluminescence
So I want to take you on a trip to an alien world. And it's not a trip that requires light-years of travel, but it's to a place where it's defined by light.
So it's a little-appreciated fact that most of the animals in our ocean make light. I've spent most of my career studying this phenomenon called bioluminescence. I study it because I think understanding it is critical to understanding life in the ocean where most bioluminescence occurs. I also use it as a tool for visualizing and tracking pollution. But mostly I'm entranced by it. Since my my first dive in a deep-diving submersible, when I went down and turned out the lights and saw the fireworks displays, I've been a bioluminescence junky. But I would come back from those dives and try to share the experience with words, and they were totally inadequate to the task. I needed some way to share the experience directly. And the first time I figured out that way was in this little single-person submersible called Deep Rover.
This next video clip, you're going to see how we stimulated the bioluminescence. And the first thing you're going to see is a transect screen that is about a meter across.
(Video) Narrator: In front of the sub, a mess screen will come into contact with the soft-bodied creatures of the deep sea. With the sub's lights switched off, it is possible to see their bioluminescence -- the light produced when they collide with the mesh. This is the first time it has ever been recorded.
Edith Widder: So I recorded that with an intensified video camera that has about the sensitivity of the fully dark-adapted human eye. Which means that really is what you would see if you took a dive in a submersible. But just to try to prove that fact to you, I've brought along some bioluminescent plankton in what is undoubtedly a foolhardy attempt at a live demonstration.
(Laughter)
So, if we could have the lights down and have it as dark in here as possible, I have a flask that has bioluminescent plankton in it. And you'll note there's no light coming from them right now, either because they're dead -- (Laughter) or because I need to stir them up in some way for you to see what bioluminescence really looks like.
(Gasps)
Oops. Sorry.
(Laughter)
I spend most of my time working in the dark; I'm used to that. Okay.
So that light was made by a bioluminescent dinoflagellate, a single-celled alga. So why would a single-celled alga need to be able to produce light? Well, it uses it to defend itself from its predators. The flash is like a scream for help. It's what's known as a bioluminescent burglar alarm. And just like the alarm on your car or your house, it's meant to cast unwanted attention onto the intruder, thereby either leading to his capture or scaring him away.
There's a lot of nimals that use this trick, for example this black dragonfish. It's got a light organ under its eye. It's got a chin barbel. It's got a lot of other light organs you can't see, but you'll see in here in a minute. So we had to chase this in the submersible for quite sometime, because the top speed of this fish is one knot, which was the top speed of the submersible. But it was worth it, because we caught it in a special capture device, brought it up into the lab on the ship, and then everything on this fish lights up. It's unbelievable. The light organs under the eyes are flashing. That chin barbel is flashing. It's got light organs on its belly that are flashing, fin lights. It's a scream for help; it's meant to attract attention. It's phenomenal. And you normally don't get to see this, because we've exhausted the luminescence when we bring them up in nets.
There's other ways you can defend yourself with light. For example, this shrimp releases its bioluminescent chemicals into the water just the way a squid or an octopus would release an ink cloud. This blinds or distracts the predator. This little squid is called the fire shooter because of its ability to do this. Now it may look like a tasty morsel, or a pig's head with wings -- (Laughter) but if it's attacked, it puts out a barrage of light -- in fact, a barrage of photon torpedoes. I just barely got the lights out in time for you to be able to see those gobs of light hitting the transect screen and then just glowing. It's phenomenal.
So there's a lot of animals in the open ocean -- most of them that make light. And we have a pretty good idea, for most of them, why. They use it for finding food, for attracting mates, for defending against predators. But when you get down to the bottom of the ocean, that's where things get really strange. And some of these animals are probably inspiration for the things you saw in "Avatar," but you don't have to travel to Pandora to see them. They're things like this.
This is a golden coral, a bush. It grows very slowly. In fact, it's thought that some of these are as much as 3,000 years old, which is one reason that bottom trawling should not be allowed. The other reason is this amazing bush glows. So if you brush up against it, any place you brushed against it, you get this twinkling blue-green light that's just breathtaking. And you see things like this. This looks like something out of a Dr. Seuss book -- just all manner of creatures all over this thing. And these are flytrap anemones. Now if you poke it, it pulls in its tentacles. But if you keep poking it, it starts to produce light. And it actually ends up looking like a galaxy. It produces these strings of light, presumably as some form of defense.
There are starfish that can make light. And there are brittle stars that produce bands of light that dance along their arms. This looks like a plant, but it's actually an animal. And it anchors itself in the sand by blowing up a balloon on the end of its stock. So it can actually hold itself in very strong currents, as you see here. But if we collect it very gently, and we bring it up into the lab and just squeeze it at the base of the stock, it produces this light that propagates from stem to the plume, changing color as it goes, from green to blue. Colorization and sound effects added for you viewing pleasure. (Laughter) But we have no idea why it does that.
Here's another one. This is also a sea pen. It's got a brittle star hitching a ride. It's a green saber of light. And like the one you just saw, it can produce these as bands of light. So if I squeeze the base, the bands go from base to tip. If I squeeze the tip, they go from tip to base. So what do you think happens if you squeeze it in the middle? (Gasps) I'd be very interested in your theories about what that's about.
(Laughter)
So there's a language of light in the deep ocean, and we're just beginning to understand it. And one way we're going about that is we're imitating a lot of these displays. This is an optical lure that I've used. We call it the electronic jellyfish. It's just 16 blue LEDs that we can program to do different types of displays. And we view it with a camera system I developed called Eye-in-the-Sea that uses far red light that's invisible to most animals, so it's unobtrusive. So I just want to show you some of the responses we've elicited from animals in the deep sea.
So the camera's black and white. It's not high-resolution. And what you're seeing here is a bait box with a bunch of -- like the cockroaches of the ocean -- there are isopods all over it. And right in the front is the electronic jellyfish. And when it starts flashing, it's just going to be one of the LEDs that's flashing very fast. But as soon as it starts to flash -- and it's going to look big, because it blooms on the camera -- I want you to look right here. There's something small there that responds. We're talking to something. It looks like a little of string pearls basically, in fact, three strings of pearls. And this was very consistent. This was in the Bahamas at about 2,000 ft. We basically have a chat room going here, because once it gets started, everybody's talking. And I think this is actually a shrimp that's releasing its bioluminescent chemicals into the water. But the cool thing is, we're talking to it. We don't know what we're saying. Personally, I think it's something sexy.
(Laughter)
And then finally, I want to show you some responses that we recorded with the world's first deep sea webcam, which we had installed in Monterrey Canyon last year. We've only just begun to analyze all of this data. This is going to be a glowing source first, which is like bioluminescent bacteria. And it is an optical cue that there's carrion on the bottom of the ocean. So this scavenger comes in, which is a giant sixgill shark. And I can't claim for sure that the optical source brought it in, because there's bait right there. But if it had been following the odor plume, it would have come in from the other direction. And it does actually seem to be trying to eat the electronic jellyfish. That's a 12-ft. long giant sixgill shark.
Okay, so this next one is from the webcam, and it's going to be this pinwheel display. And this is a burglar alarm. And that was a Humboldt squid, a juvenile Humboldt squid, about three feet long. This is at 3,000 ft. in Monterrey Canyon. But if it's a burglar alarm, you wouldn't expect it to attack the jellyfish directly. It's supposed to be attacking what's attacking the jellyfish. But we did see a bunch of responses like this. This guy is a little more contemplative. "Hey, wait a minute. There's supposed to be something else there." He's thinking about it. But he's persistent. He keeps coming back. And then he goes away for a few seconds to think about it some more, and thinks, "Maybe if I come in from a different angle." (Laughter) Nope.
So we are starting to get a handle on this, but only just the beginnings. We need more eyes on the process. So if any of you ever get a chance to take a dive in a submersible, by all means, climb in and take the plunge. This is something that should be on everybody's bucket list, because we live on an ocean planet. More than 90 percent, 99 percent, of the living space on our planet is ocean. It's a magical place filled with breathtaking light shows and bizarre and wondrous creatures, alien life forms that you don't have to travel to another planet to see.
But if you do take the plunge, please remember to turn out the lights. But I warn you, it's addictive.
Thank you.
(Applause)