TestTube News2015.12.18---誰控制世界石油？

TestTube News2015.12.18---誰控制世界石油？

0:04Since the mid 19th century, oil has fueled the industrial revolutions and economic developments
0:09of nearly every country on earth. This slowly dwindling resource has also contributed to
0:14some of the worst wars in modern history, and earns its suppliers billions upon billions
0:20of dollars each year. When it comes to international power, control over oil can be just as important
0:26as military or diplomatic strength. But the overwhelming majority of the world’s oil
0:31is held by only a small handful of people. So just who exactly controls the world’s
0:37oil?
0:37Well, in terms of output, the top three oil producing countries are the United States,
0:43Saudi Arabia and Russia. In 2014, the United States produced about 14 million barrels of
0:48oil a day, with the Saudis and Russians trailing right behind. But, while the US is the largest
0:54producer, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia stands as the world’s largest exporter. Most of
1:00Asia relies on Saudi oil. Meanwhile, Europe relies on Russia, which provided nearly a
1:04third of the continent's oil and natural gas in 2014.
1:08But while these three countries contribute the most oil, they don’t actually control
1:13it. Just twelve countries, primarily in the Middle East, North Africa, and South America,
1:18hold about 80% of the world’s oil. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC,
1:24is the most powerful oil group on earth, and directly competes with the US, Russia, and
1:30Canada for oil supremacy. OPEC is headed by Saudi Arabia, which alone holds the second
1:36largest oil reserves.
1:38Oil is a useful diplomatic tool, as well as an economic and political weapon. In 1973,
1:44American involvement in Egypt and Syria’s war against Israel led OPEC to instigate an
1:49embargo against the US and its allies. What became known as the ’73 Oil Crisis had devastating
1:56consequences for the global economy. Petroleum prices skyrocketed, leading to gas shortages
2:01across America and Europe.
2:03Additionally, numerous wars since the 1930s have been described as “oil wars”, with
2:09countries initiating conflicts with oil rich nations in order to take control of the resource.
2:15In particular, the 2003 illegal invasion of Iraq, led by the Bush Administration, has
2:20been considered to be a prime example of this type of conflict. Multiple military leaders,
2:25and even the Former Secretary of Defense, Chuck Hagel, have since revealed that oil
2:29control was a dominating factor in the decision to invade. In fact, a study found that countries
2:35with aggressive leaders and large oil reserves are two and half times more likely to see
2:39military conflict.
2:40Oil has made its producers a whole lot of money, while threatening to destabilize the
2:45rest of the world. Although OPEC does seek balance among its members, it is also inherently
2:50opposed to US oil, leading to further conflict and power struggles. One can only hope that
2:56renewable energy eventually takes this volatile resource off the bargaining table entirely.
3:02While many countries and entities are competing to have the most oil, as we mentioned the
3:06resource is slowly dwindling. How much oil do we actually have left? Find out in this
3:12video.
3:27Thanks for watching! If you haven’t already, make sure to subscribe to TestTube News so
3:31you can keep up with new videos.


0:04自19世纪中期，油价已经推动了工业革命和经济发展
0:09在地球上几乎每一个国家。这种缓慢减少的资源也有助于
0:14一些最严重的战争在现代历史，赢得了供应商的数十亿数十亿美元后，
0:20对美元每年。当涉及到国际力量，对石油的控制可能是同样重要
0:26军事或外交实力。但绝大多数的世界石油
0:31是只有少数人持有。所以刚才到底谁控制了世界
0:37油？
0:37那么，在产量方面，前三大石油生产国是美国，
0:43沙特阿拉伯和俄罗斯。在2014年，美国生产了约14万桶
0:48油的一天，沙特和俄罗斯尾随后面。但是，尽管美国是最大的
0:54生产国沙特阿拉伯王国站作为世界上最大的出口国。大多数
1:00亚洲依赖于沙特的石油。与此同时，欧洲依赖俄罗斯，这近一个提供
1:04在2014年第三次非洲大陆的石油和天然气。
1:08不过，虽然这三个国家贡献最大的石油，他们实际上并不控制
1:13它。就在十二个国家，主要集中在中东，北非，南美，
1:18持有约80％的世界石油。石油出口国组织，或OPEC，
1:24是地球上最强大的石油集团，并直接竞争对手是美国，俄罗斯，
1:30加拿大的石油霸主地位。欧佩克为首的沙特阿拉伯，其单独持有第二
1:36最大的石油储备。
1:38石油是一个有用的外交工具，以及经济和政治武器。 1973年，
1:44美国卷入埃及和叙利亚对以色列的战争导致欧佩克煽动的
1:49禁运对美国及其盟友。什么出名作为73年石油危机造成了破坏性
1:56影响全球经济。石油价格暴涨，导致天然气短缺
2:01整个美国和欧洲。
2:03此外，由于20世纪30年代多次战争被描述为“石油战争”，与
2:09国家开始为了与盛产石油的国家的冲突采取资源的控制权。
2:15特别是，2003年的非法入侵伊拉克，导致布什政府，有
2:20被认为是此类冲突的一个最好的例子。多个军事领导人，
2:25和防御，哈格尔连前国务卿，自从发现石油
2:29控制是侵入决定一个主导因素。事实上，一项研究发现，国家
2:35与积极的领导和大石油储量的两倍半较多见
2:39军事冲突。
2:40油做出了生产者一大堆钱，同时威胁要颠覆
2:45世界其他地区。尽管欧佩克不会寻求其成员之间的平衡，这也是本质
2:50相对于美国的石油，导致进一步的冲突和权力斗争。人们只能希望，
2:56可再生能源最终借此挥发掉资源谈判桌完全。
3:02虽然许多国家和机构都在争相拥有最石油，因为我们提到的
3:06资源正在慢慢减少。多少石油我们居然还剩下什么？找出在这
3:12视频。
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