Jamais Cascio:能使世界变得更加美好的工具

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http://dotsub.com/view/af5c5485-a159-4569-9750-8288b3674703
Jamais Cascio:能使世界变得更加美好的工具
我们将要创造的未来会是一个值得我们骄傲的未来， 我每天都在思考这个问题，它的确成了我真正的工作。 我是网站Worldchanging.com的创始人之一兼高级专栏作家。 Alex Steffen与我在2003年后期共同创办了Worldchanging. 从那时开始，我们及我们不断成长的全球贡献者团队 记录了在那之外的，现在的和在我们身边的 一直在扩大的不同的解决方案。
在最近的两年多时间里，我们已经写了大概4，000篇关于 可复制的模式，科技方法，新生理念的文章 所有这些都提供了一个使通往未来之路 变得更加多样化，更加公正和更加合理的方法。 我们解决方案的重点是非常国际化的。 有很多你可以查找到的地方，在线的和离线的 如果你想发现的只是一些最新的关于 我们的逐渐恶化的形势发展得有多快的新闻。 而我们想给人们提供的是他们能做些什么的主意。 我们主要关注地球环境， 但是我们也发表一些关于全球发展， 国际争端，负责任的使用新生科技， 甚至是所谓的第二超级力量的增长的文章 还有更多，更多
事实上，我们讨论解决方案的范围很广， 这既反映出了需要面对的挑战 也反映了出了允许我们去那样做的种种新观念 快速的举个例子真的只能够蜻蜓点水 但是却能给你留下一个我们所涵盖的内容的感知 快速缓解灾难的办法 比如这个充气的混凝土避难所 是生物科学的创新使用 比如在有地雷的地方，花儿会改变颜色 为家庭和办公室设计的超高效设计 使用太阳能，风能，潮汐能及其他清洁能源的 分布式的发电机 未来的超级的，超高效的汽车 你现在可以马上得到的超高效的汽车 以及更好的城市设计 因此，首要的是你就不需要像现在那样驾驶那么疲劳 仿生学就是要在汽车和建筑设计中 吸取自然界的高效的地方 分布式的电子计算机系统 可以帮助我们设计出未来气候的模式 同时，许多这周我们在TED上的谈论主题 是一些在过去的Worldchanging中我们提出过的 再循环设计，美国麻省理工学院的数字制造实验室 极限长寿的后果 每个孩子一台笔记本电脑，甚至还有来自瑞典的统计工具软件制造商Gapminder
作为上世纪60年代中期出生的一代人 四十岁生日给所有那个年代出生的人太多痛苦 实际上我是偏向于悲观主义的。但是在Worldchanging的工作 使我相信，很大程度上出乎我的意料 对于世界问题的成功反应 不是没有可能的 此外，我还意识到只专注于消极的结果 只能是阻碍你成功的可能 挪威的社会科学家Evelin Lindner已经评说过 悲观主义是在兴盛时代的奢华 在困难时期，悲观主义是 一种致命的死亡宣判 事实上，我们能够建造一个更加美好的世界 而且我们马上就能够做得到 我们有工具：刚才我们看到了一个暗示 接着我们就会经常提出新的想法 我们有知识储备 同时我们对地球的理解每天都在改进 最重要的是，我们有目标 我们有一个需要被拯救，而其他任何人不会帮我们去实现的世界
我和我的同事发现的每天记录下来的许多解决方案 有着相同共性的重要点 透明，协作，愿意去实践 崇尚科学——或者，更恰当的说，就是科学 （笑声） Worldchanging的主要模式，工具和概念 包含了这些特点的结合，因此我想给你们 讲述一些如何将这些原理结合在一起的有实质性的的例子 通过使用改变世界的方法
我们可以看到在使用工具过程中，改变世界的价值 能够使不可见事物便得可见——那就是 使围绕着我们的世界变得更直观 否则那就会变得及其微观 我们知道人们经常改变他们的行为 当他们能够看见和知道他们的行为会带来的的影响 比如一个小例子，我们中的许多人都有过这样的经历 通过一个可以精确显示码表的实时演示 显示出了驾驶习惯对于汽车能效的影响 可以改变实验者的驾驶习惯 过去的几年，我们已经看到了新概念的增长 在我们如何测量和展示世界的方方面面 但是过于大，过于不明了，过于光滑，以至于我们很难捕捉到实质 简单科技，比如壁挂式设计 可以显示出你们一家人正在使用多少能源 以及如果你关掉一些灯，结果又会如何 这些真的会带来一些正面影响 在你的能源足迹上 交流工具，比如文字短信可以告诉你 什么时候花粉指数高或者烟雾级别正在上升 或者自然灾害正在来临 能够给你你需要的信息以采取及时的行动 丰富的数据显示，比如战争捐献的地图 或者正在消失的北极冰圈的地图 可以帮助我们更好的理解前后关系，以及 影响我们所有人的进程走向
在关于寻找满足世界的医疗需求的调研项目上 我们也看到了改变世界的价值 通过开放数据和协同行动 现在，有些人关注于知识激活危险性的风险 但是我坚信知识激活的解决方案的利益 更加重要 比如，在开放进程中，对公共科学图书馆的开放 可以向所有人免费提供边缘切割的科学研究结果 世界上的所有人 实际上，不断增长的科学出版物 也采取了这种模式 去年，成百上千的志愿的生物和化学领域的研究人员 在全世界的不同地方共同工作 于寄生虫的基因组排序问题 为解决一些世界上的最严重的疾病 包括非洲昏睡病，黑热病和查加斯病 现在，那个基因组数据在全世界都可以 在公开的基因数据银行里找到 这对那些尝试提出新的治疗方案的研究人员 来说是一个极大的利好 但是我最欣赏的例子必须是全球 在2003年和2004年对SARS的反应，这依赖于 全球可以获得SARS病毒的全部基因排列顺序 美国国家研究委员会 在他的接下来的报告中特别强调了病情爆发后 这个公开的有效的排列顺序是如此快速 治疗SARS的一个主要原因
同时，我们可以发现改变世界的价值 在于一些如手机的细小的事情上 我可以用我的手指数出来坐在这个房间里的人们 有几个人没有使用手提电话 以及Aubrey在哪里，因为我知道他没有使用
（笑声） 对于大多数的我们来说，手机的确已经成为 我们自身的延伸 而且，我们现在真的开始看到了社会的变化 由手机带给我们的 你可能已经知道一些全局性的方面 在全世界，去年带有摄像头的手机的销量 多于任何一款相机 而且越来越多的人的生活是以镜头 和互联网为媒介依托——而且有些时候还被载入了历史书籍 在发展中的世界，手机已经成为了经济的驱动者 去年的一项调查显示了一个直接的关联性 在非洲手机用户增长 与并发的GDP增长之间存在着 在肯尼亚，小小的手机 的确已经成了一种可供选择的货币 手机的政治方面的作用也不能被忽视 从在韩国的短信拥挤事件帮助打倒了一个政府 到发生在英国的“首相监视”行动 它可以在那些试图躲避媒体公众的政客身上贴上标签
（笑声）
这正在变得更加广泛 普遍的，总是处于开启的网络，高质量的生音和视频 甚至一些取代了要放在口袋里，而可以直接穿在身上的设计 将在一定程度上改变我们的生活方式，但很少有人真正喜欢这样 毫不夸张地说，手机 可以算是改变世界最重要的技术之一的产物 在这个快速展开的上下文中 可以想象手机在社会交互作用中远远 超出了作为媒介的工具，而成为其他什么东西的世界
我一直很钦佩见证者这个项目 周三，Peter Gabriel给我讲述了关于该项目的更多细节 用他那深情感人的描述 而且我非常高兴看到了关于见证者 这个项目将开放网络准入 从而使数码相机和有照相功能的手机用户 可以通过互联网将他们的记录上传到网上的新闻 而不需要只能用手提着录影带来发送资料 这样不仅给文献被普遍使用增加了一个新的 和潜在的更加安全的途径 他也开启了一个正在发展的全球的数字时代的程序
现在，想象一个类似的网络环境的模式 想象一个收集记录和证据的网络入口 正发生在星球上的 把这样的消息和数据放在所有类型的人的指尖上 从激进主义分子和研究人员 到商人和政客 那会使正在发生的变化的变得更加显著 但是告诉给那些想要致力于 工作去看到一个新的，更美好的世界 的人们这些却变得更加重要 他将赋予每个公民 一个去扮演好保卫星球的角色的机会 本质上来说，他将是一个“地球证人”项目 现在，只是为了澄清，在这个演讲中我在使用“地球证人”这个名字 作为情景的一部分，仅仅是为了速记 为了表达对这个假想的项目的热衷 而不是想凌驾于见证者这个机构的完美工作之上 他也可以被简单的称为“环境透明项目” “自然保护的智能系统” 但是地球证人说起来更加简单
现在，参与地球证人的许多人 着眼于生态问题，人为灾害或其他 尤其是环保类罪行 以及显著的温室气体来源及排放 这是可以理解的，也是重要的 我们需要正在发生在我们的星球上的更好的文献记录 如果我们将找到一个弥补破坏的方法的机会 但是地球证人项目将不局限于任何问题 在Worldchanging的最好的传统是 他也可以成为展示好的观点，成功的项目的陈列窗口 努力使改变变得更加可见 地球证人将向我们展示两个世界 我们已经走过的世界 和我们为子孙后代建造的将要来到的世界
这个情景最吸引我的是 我们可以今天就来做 主要的组成部分已经广泛存在 可照相的手机，当然，将成为这个项目的基础 对于大多数的我们来说，他们与我们已经非常紧密了 经常开启的，广泛存在的信息工具 我们也许不记得随身带上数码相机 无论走到哪里，但是很少有人会忘记带手机 你们甚至可以想象这样一个场景 人们都开始自己制作手机了 在过去的一年里，公共资源硬件黑客 已经发明了许多款模式 可用，以Linux为基础的移动电话 地球电话成了这个项目的衍生产品 在网络的另外一端，将有一个 为人们提供发送照片和信息的服务器 可登陆的网站，照片共享捆绑服务 社会网络平台和一个协作过滤系统 现在，听众中Web2.0版本的用户知道我在说什么 但是对于最后一句提到的人们 是一种疯狂的月球语言。我的意思只是 地球证人项目的在线部分 将由用户创建，共同工作，开放式工作 那才是打造一个引人注目的编年史的正确的开始 关于正发生在我们星球的事情，但是我们可以做的更多
一个地球证人网站也可以作为收集信息的地点 收集所有关于我们星球的环境数据 由附加在你手机上的环境传感器采集 现在，你们还没有看到附加在手机上的这种设计 但是全世界的学生和工程师们 已经将大气传感器附加到自行车和手提电脑 廉价机器人和鸽子的背上了 这现在的确已经成为加州大学欧文分校的一个研究项目 通过使用鸟背传感器 作为测量成雾污染的一种方法 很难想象这种同样的东西 被放在将由人携带的手机后将是一个什么样结果 现在，将一个传感器连接到你的手机上已经不是一个新概念了 全世界的手机制造商设将展现给人们可以告知不利于呼吸的警告 或者告诉你何时何地需要考虑日照强烈了 瑞典公司Uppsala Biomedical, 更加认真地， 制作了一款附带有可以现场进行药物测试 上传数据，显示结果功能的手机 甚至Lawrence Livermore 国家实验室也开始了这方面的研究 设计了一款样机 装有雷达探测器，可以发现脏弹
现在，有大量的体积小，价格便宜的传感器 在市场上，你可以很容易想象出某些人将把 一部手机与之联系起来，用来测量温度，CO2含量或甲烷指数 生体酶素的出现 潜在的，再过几年，甚至有可能测量H5N1禽流感病毒 你们能够发现一些类似这样的系统 真地将会与Larry Brilliant的InSTEDD项目 很好的结合 现在，所有这些数据可以被加以地理信息的标签 用可以很容易读取和分析的在线地图去编辑 而且那是极为值得记录的 在过去的一、二年中，开放的在线地图所带来的影响 是非常显著的 全世界的开发者们已经提出了 难以想象多的以该地图为基础，在此之上在不同层面上如何利用有效数据的方法 从公交车行车路线到犯罪统计分析 到全球禽流感的蔓延 地球证人将更加深入的吸取利用它，将你所看到的 与世界上其它成千上万人所看到的连接起来
想象一下成就这样的梦想后会是多么让人激动 如果类似事情真的存在了 我们将有更全面——更高端的知识 关于发生在我们星球环境方面 比起仅由卫星采集的 和一些政府布置的传感器网络采集的信息相比 它将是一个互相协作的，自下至上的途径 通往环境现状和保护 能够以一种智能系统的方法对紧急情况做出反应 而且如果你需要更密集的传感器网络，让更多的人参与进来就可以了 而且最重要的是 你不能忽视移动电话对全球年轻人的重要性 这是一个能够放置在我们下一代的系统 在采集环境数据的前沿 由于我们现在正在寻找减轻 破坏气候的最恶劣的因素 需要每一个细小的信息 象地球证人这样的系统将是我们所有人的工具 用来提高我们知识水平，最终 提高星球本身
现在，如我开篇所述 在那之外有千千万万的好概念 所以，为什么我把大量时间 花在告诉你们一些还不存在的事物？ 因为这是明天的样子 自下而上，科技激活的全球协作 来共同解决我们文明社会所面临的前所未有的巨大的危机 我们能够拯救星球，但是我们不能单枪匹马的解决——我们互为需要 没有人会来为我们解决世界问题，但是共同工作 使用象技术革新和人类互动这样的手段 我们也学可以帮助我们自己解决问题 在我们的指尖上有着丰富的激励模式 有力的工具和创新的概念 这可以带给我们星球的未来一个意义深远的改变 我们不需要等待一颗魔术子弹去拯救我们 我们已经拥有一个兵工厂的解决方案，只是等着我们去用 那里有一大批摇摆中的犹豫者 在不同的学科，所有人都告诉我们一件同样的事情 成功能够属于我们，如果我们想要努力去实现 如我们在Worldchanging中所述 另外一个世界不是没有可能，另外一个世界就在这里 我们只是需要睁开我们的双眼。
非常感谢
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Jamais Cascio on tools for building a better world
The future that we will create can be a future that we'll be proud of. I think about this every day; it's quite literally my job. I'm co-founder and senior columnist at Worldchanging.com. Alex Steffen and I founded Worldchanging in late 2003, and since then we and our growing global team of contributors have documented the ever-expanding variety of solutions that are out there, right now and on the near horizon.

In a little over two years, we've written up about 4,000 items -- replicable models, technological tools, emerging ideas -- all providing a path to a future that's more sustainable, more equitable and more desirable. Our emphasis on solutions is quite intentional. There are tons of places to go, online and off, if what you want to find is the latest bit of news about just how quickly our hell-bound handbasket is moving. We want to offer people an idea of what they can do about it. We focus primarily on the planet's environment, but we also address issues of global development, international conflict, responsible use of emerging technologies, even the rise of the so-called Second Superpower and much, much more.

The scope of solutions that we discuss is actually pretty broad, but that reflects both the range of challenges that need to be met and the kinds of innovations that will allow us to do so. A quick sampling really can barely scratch the surface, but to give you a sense of what we cover: tools for rapid disaster relief, such as this inflatable concrete shelter; innovative uses of bioscience, such as a flower that changes color in the presence of landmines; ultra-high efficiency designs for homes and offices; distributed power generation using solar power, wind power, ocean power, other clean energy sources; ultra, ultra-high efficiency vehicles of the future; ultra-high-efficiency vehicles you can get right now; and better urban design, so you don't need to drive as much in the first place; bio-mimetic approaches to design that take advantage of the efficiencies of natural models in both vehicles and buildings; distributed computing projects that will help us model the future of the climate. Also, a number of the topics that we've been talking about this week at TED are things that we've addressed in the past on Worldchanging: cradle-to-cradle design, MIT's Fab Labs, the consequences of extreme longevity, the One Laptop Per Child project, even Gapminder.

As a born-in-the-mid-1960s Gen X-er, hurtling all too quickly to my fortieth birthday, I'm naturally inclined to pessimism. But working at Worldchanging has convinced me, much to my own surprise, that successful responses to the world's problems are nonetheless possible. Moreover, I've come to realize that focusing only on negative outcomes can really blind you to the very possibility of success. As Norwegian social scientist Evelin Lindner has observed, Pessimism is a luxury of good times ... In difficult times, pessimism is a self-fulfilling, self-inflicted death sentence." The truth is, we can build a better world, and we can do so right now. We have the tools: we saw a hint of that a moment ago, and we're coming up with new ones all the time. We have the knowledge, and our understanding of the planet improves every day. Most importantly, we have the motive: we have a world that needs fixing, and nobody's going to do it for us.

Many of the solutions that I and my colleagues seek out and write up every day have some important aspects in common: transparency, collaboration, a willingness to experiment, and an appreciation of science -- or, more appropriately, science! (Laughter) The majority of models, tools and ideas on Worldchanging encompass combinations of these characteristics, so I want to give you a few concrete examples of how these principles combine in world-changing ways.

We can see world-changing values in the emergence of tools to make the invisible visible -- that is, to make apparent the conditions of the world around us that would otherwise be largely imperceptible. We know that people often change their behavior when they can see and understand the impact of their actions. As a small example, many of us have experienced the change in driving behavior that comes from having a realtime display of mileage showing precisely how one's driving habits affect the vehicle's efficiency. The last few years have all seen the rise of innovations in how we measure and display aspects of the world that can be too big, or too intangible, or too slippery to grasp easily. Simple technologies, like wall-mounted devices that display how much power your household is using, and what kind of results you'll get if you turn off a few lights -- these can actually have a direct positive impact on your energy footprint. Community tools, like text messaging, that can tell you when pollen counts are up or smog levels are rising or a natural disaster is unfolding, can give you the information you need to act in a timely fashion. Data-rich displays like maps of campaign contributions, or maps of the disappearing polar ice caps, allow us to better understand the context and the flow of processes that affect us all.

We can see world-changing values in research projects that seek to meet the world's medical needs through open access to data and collaborative action. Now, some people emphasize the risks of knowledge-enabled dangers, but I'm convinced that the benefits of knowledge-enabled solutions are far more important. For example, open-access journals, like the Public Library of Science, make cutting-edge scientific research free to all -- everyone in the world. And actually, a growing number of science publishers are adopting this model. Last year, hundreds of volunteer biology and chemistry researchers around the world worked together to sequence the genome of the parasite responsible for some of the developing world's worst diseases: African sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. That genome data can now be found on open-access genetic data banks around the world, and it's an enormous boon to researchers trying to come up with treatments. But my favorite example has to be the global response to the SARS epidemic in 2003, 2004, which relied on worldwide access to the full gene sequence of the SARS virus. The US National Research Council in its follow-up report on the outbreak specifically cited this open availability of the sequence as a key reason why the treatment for SARS could be developed so quickly.

And we can see world-changing values in something as humble as a cellphone. I can probably count on my fingers the number of people in this room who do not use a mobile phone -- and where is Aubrey, because I know he doesn't? (Laughter) For many of us, cellphones have really become almost an extension of ourselves, and we're really now beginning to see the social changes that mobile phones can bring about. You may already know some of the big-picture aspects: globally, more camera phones were sold last year than any other kind of camera, and a growing number of people live lives mediated through the lens, and over the network -- and sometimes enter history books. In the developing world, mobile phones have become economic drivers. A study last year showed a direct correlation between the growth of mobile phone use and subsequent GDP increases across Africa. In Kenya, mobile phone minutes have actually become an alternative currency. The political aspects of mobile phones can't be ignored either, from text message swarms in Korea helping to bring down a government, to the Blairwatch Project in the UK, keeping tabs on politicians who try to avoid the press. (Laughter)

And it's just going to get more wild. Pervasive, always-on networks, high quality sound and video, even devices made to be worn instead of carried in the pocket, will transform how we live on a scale that few really appreciate. It's no exaggeration to say that the mobile phone may be among the world's most important technologies. And in this rapidly evolving context, it's possible to imagine a world in which the mobile phone becomes something far more than a medium for social interaction.

I've long admired the Witness project, and Peter Gabriel told us more details about it on Wednesday, in his profoundly moving presentation. And I'm just incredibly happy to see the news that Witness is going to be opening up a Web portal to enable users of digital cameras and camera phones to send in their recordings over the Internet, rather than just hand-carrying the videotape. Not only does this add a new and potentially safer avenue for documenting abuses, it opens up the program to the growing global digital generation.

Now, imagine a similar model for networking environmentalists: imagine a Web portal collecting recordings and evidence of what's happening to the planet: putting news and data at the fingertips of people of all kinds, from activists and researchers to businesspeople and political figures. It would highlight the changes that are underway, but would more importantly give voice to the people who are willing to work to see a new world, a better world, come about. It would give everyday citizens a chance to play a role in the protection of the planet. It would be, in essence, an "Earth Witness" project. Now, just to be clear, in this talk I'm using the name "Earth Witness" as part of the scenario, simply as a shorthand, for what this imaginary project could aspire to, not to piggyback on the wonderful work of the Witness organization. It could just as easily be called, "Environmental Transparency Project," "Smart Mobs for Natural Security" -- but Earth Witness is a lot easier to say.

Now, many of the people who participate in Earth Witness would focus on ecological problems, human-caused or otherwise, especially environmental crimes and significant sources of greenhouse gases and emissions. That's understandable and important. We need better documentation of what's happening to the planet if we're ever going to have a chance of repairing the damage. But the Earth Witness project wouldn't need to be limited to problems. In the best Worldchanging tradition, it might also serve as a showcase for good ideas, successful projects and efforts to make a difference that deserve much more visibility. Earth Witness would show us two worlds: the world we're leaving behind, and the world we're building for generations to come.

And what makes this scenario particularly appealing to me is, we could do it today. The key components are already widely available. Camera phones, of course, would be fundamental to the project. And for a lot of us, they're as close as we have yet to always-on, widely available information tools. We may not remember to bring our digital cameras with us wherever we go, but very few of us forget our phones. You could even imagine a version of this scenario in which people actually build their own phones. Over the course of last year, open-source hardware hackers have come up with multiple models for usable, Linux-based mobile phones, and the Earth Phone could spin off from this kind of project. At the other end of the network, there'd be a server for people to send photos and messages to, accessible over the Web, combining a photo-sharing service, social networking platforms and a collaborative filtering system. Now, you Web 2.0 folks in the audience know what I'm talking about, but for those of you for whom that last sentence was in a crazy moon language, I mean simply this: the online part of the Earth Witness project would be created by the users, working together and working openly. That's enough right there to start to build a compelling chronicle of what's now happening to our planet, but we could do more.

An Earth Witness site could also serve as a collection spot for all sorts of data about conditions around the planet picked up by environmental sensors that attach to your cellphone. Now, you don't see these devices as add-ons for phones yet, but students and engineers around the world have attached atmospheric sensors to bicycles and handheld computers and cheap robots and the backs of pigeons -- that being a project that's actually underway right now at UC Irvine, using bird-mounted sensors as a way of measuring smog-forming pollution. It's hardly a stretch to imagine putting the same thing on a phone carried by a person. Now, the idea of connecting a sensor to your phone is not new: phone-makers around the world offer phones that sniff for bad breath, or tell you to worry about too much sun exposure. Swedish firm Uppsala Biomedical, more seriously, makes a mobile phone add-on that can process blood tests in the field, uploading the data, displaying the results. Even the Lawrence Livermore National Labs have gotten into the act, designing a prototype phone that has radiation sensors to find dirty bombs.

Now, there's an enormous variety of tiny, inexpensive sensors on the market, and you can easily imagine someone putting together a phone that could measure temperature, CO2 or methane levels, the presence of some biotoxins -- potentially, in a few years, maybe even H5N1 avian flu virus. You could see that some kind of system like this would actually be a really good fit with Larry Brilliant's InSTEDD project. Now, all of this data could be tagged with geographic information and mashed up with online maps for easy viewing and analysis. And that's worth noting in particular. The impact of open-access online maps over the last year or two has been simply phenomenal. Developers around the world have come up with an amazing variety of ways to layer useful data on top of the maps, from bus routes and crime statistics to the global progress of avian flu. Earth Witness would take this further, linking what you see with what thousands or millions of other people see around the world.

It's kind of exciting to think about what might be accomplished if something like this ever existed. We'd have a far better -- far better knowledge of what's happening on our planet environmentally than could be gathered with satellites and a handful of government sensor nets alone. It would be a collaborative, bottom-up approach to environmental awareness and protection, able to respond to emerging concerns in a smart mobs kind of way -- and if you need greater sensor density, just have more people show up. And most important, you can't ignore how important mobile phones are to global youth. This is a system that could put the next generation at the front lines of gathering environmental data. And as we work to figure out ways to mitigate the worst effects of climate disruption, every little bit of information matters. A system like Earth Witness would be a tool for all of us to participate in the improvement of our knowledge and, ultimately, the improvement of the planet itself.

Now, as I suggested at the outset, there are thousands upon thousands of good ideas out there, so why have I spent the bulk of my time telling you about something that doesn't exist? Because this is what tomorrow could look like: bottom-up, technology-enabled global collaboration to handle the biggest crisis our civilization has ever faced. We can save the planet, but we can't do it alone -- we need each other. Nobody's going to fix the world for us, but working together, making use of technological innovations and human communities alike, we might just be able to fix it ourselves. We have at our fingertips a cornucopia of compelling models, powerful tools, and innovative ideas that can make a meaningful difference in our planet's future. We don't need to wait for a magic bullet to save us all; we already have an arsenal of solutions just waiting to be used. There's a staggering array of wonders out there, across diverse disciplines, all telling us the same thing: success can be ours if we're willing to try. And as we say at Worldchanging, another world isn't just possible; another world is here. We just need to open our eyes. Thank you very much.