Ellen Gustafson肥胖+饥饿=全球糧食議題

===================================
http://dotsub.com/view/87b043e0-5632-4adc-aeb9-6a26f352f5e8
Ellen Gustafson肥胖+饥饿=全球糧食議題
我是艾伦，我对食物非常着迷。 但我最初并未打算研究食物的问题， 而是对全球安全政策很感兴趣。 因为9.11时我住在纽约，这明显与全球安全政策非常有关。 继而我从关注全球安全政策转向关注食物 因为发现当我很饿的时候，我是真的很生气。 而且我估计其他人也是同样。 尤其是当你很饿，你的孩子很饿 你邻居的孩子很饿，然后你整个邻里的居民都很饿， 你就变得很生气了。 事实上，你看，似乎 在这个世界上人们还饱受饥饿摧残的那片区域 也同样是最不安全的区域。
因此我在联合国世界粮食计划署谋得一职 试图强调这些安全问题 从食物安全的角度出发。 当我在那里工作时， 我发现了我的想法是他们诸多项目中最棒的一个。 叫做“喂饱学校”，而且这个主意真的非常简单 大概就是闯进仍然在全世界困扰很多人的 贫穷与饥饿的恶性循环圈，然后打断这一循环。 给孩子们提供免费的食物可起到鼓励孩子们上学的作用， 这样就可以迈出脱离贫困的第一步——教育。 而且这样还能为孩子们提供他们所需的微量元素，这些营养微量元素 对于他们的身心正常都是至关重要的。
当我在联合国工作时，遇见了这个女孩。她叫劳伦•布什。 而且她有这样一个极佳的点子 就是卖被称为“饲料袋”的包—— 这名字有点讽刺但又很可爱，因为你会很自然的联想到挂在马头前的饲料袋。 我们卖出的每一个包中都会提供 价值相当于一个儿童一年所需的学校餐。 听起来很简单，然后我们就想，你知道的，好吧 大约要花上20-50美元 来为每个孩子在学校提供一年的伙食。 我们可以卖这些包来筹集大量钱款， 而且为世界粮食计划署提高声誉。 当然你可能也了解，在联合国中办事会有点慢， 而且他们经常会说“不”。 然而我们想，上帝啊，这主意多棒啊！而且可以筹集到这么多钱。 所以我们决定了，去他们的吧，我们要成立自己的公司，于是这就是我们三年前做的事情。 这大概是我第一个梦想，我们成立的公司叫做FEED（喂养）。 这里是一张我们网站的截屏。 我们用这个包的项目来帮助海地，而且地震后一个月我们就开始行动了 并为海地的孩子们提供学校餐。 所以FEED的工作真的很有成效。如今我们已经在世界范围内为儿童 提供了5千5百万顿饭 卖出了55万5千个包，相当相当多的包。
一直以来当你想到饥饿时， 其实饥饿很难想象，因为我们总是想到吃。 其实我经常想到吃，因为我真的很喜欢吃。 而且谈论起国际性的饥饿问题时总是有些奇怪 或是在讨论任何国际性问题时， 因为很多人会想知道你在美国做什么。 你能为美国的孩子们做什么？ 美国绝对也有饥饿现象存在。 四千九百万人吃不饱饭，而且其中儿童有一千六百七十万。 对于我们自己的国家来说这种现象很惊人。 饥饿对于美国和世界来说意义不同。 但在我们国家强调饥饿问题仍然是至关重要的。 不过显然我们都明白，更严重的问题 是肥胖，而且情势严峻。 另外一件严重的事情是饥饿与肥胖 在30年内都有所增加。 不幸的是，肥胖并不只是美国人的问题。 事实上它已经在全世界范围内开始蔓延 而且罪魁祸首在于我们出口的那套饮食系统。 数据很令人震惊。 有一亿人口肥胖或超重 并且另有一亿人口饥饿。
这看起来像是两个独立的问题， 但我开始思考， 肥胖与饥饿究竟是什么？ 它们都是关于食物的。 当你想到食物时， 这两件事的核心问题 都指向具有潜在问题的农业。 农业是食物的来源。 好吧，美国的农业很有意思。 而且很发达。 生产何种食物将决定我们吃什么食物。 产出的食物多多少少就是谷物、豆类和小麦。 你看，我们吃的四分之三的食品 大多都是加工过的，或是快餐。 不幸的是，我们的农业系统 在过去三十年里， 我们很成功的把这类技术传遍世界。 非洲这个集中了世界上大部分饥饿人口的地区， 它的农业事实上在大踏步退后， 因为饥饿状况在加剧。 然而我们并没有 将出口正确的农业系统 与解决世界人民温饱问题正确的相连。
谁在耕种呢？我一直想不明白。 于是我去了中西部地区，站在一个收集谷物的大贮存箱上。 这样也没帮助我理解农业耕种。 但我照了张很酷的照片。 事实上 美国的农民 当我在中西部地区考察时发现 他们都比较胖。 他们耕种的面积也很大。 世界其他地方的农民 都相当瘦，那是因为他们吃不饱饭。 世界上大部分挨饿的人都是难以维持生计的农民。 而且很大一部分都是女人—— 这是另外一个话题，我暂时不会讨论， 但我也乐意做一些女权主义相关的事情。 我觉得这很有意思 当你从两个方面看待农业。 这个范围大且发达的农业 来决定如今在美国我们吃些什么。 自从一九八零年以来， 石油危机之后， 我们国家出现大量的小型农产品企业合并 及许多个体户农民离开的现象。 然而在同一时期， 我们放任非洲的农民自生自灭。 不幸的是，田里种了什么决定了我们吃什么。 在美国，我们吃的很多东西 导致了肥胖，而且与过去30年的饮食状况比 真的发生了很大的变化。
真的很疯狂。 两岁以下五分之一的孩子都喝苏打饮料。 拜托，你通常不会把苏打饮料装在瓶子里。 可是人们确实这么做，因为很便宜。 所以过去的三十年中，我们的整个饮食系统 发生了实质性的改变。 我想，不仅仅是我们自己的国家， 我们把这一饮食系统传播到世界各地。 当你看那些来自世界最贫穷国家的数据—— 尤其是关于发展迅速的城市—— 人们都在吃美国式加工食物。 在同一代人中， 他们从饥饿， 以及饥饿对于健康所有的伤害， 过渡到肥胖，以及相关症状如糖尿病 心脏病等。这些都集中于同一代人。 所以这一有问题的食物系统 对于饥饿和肥胖都造成了影响。 并不是为了重提那些早已解决的事情， 只是想强调食物系统是一个全球性的问题 有一亿人挨饿，同时又有一亿人肥胖。 这是唯一看待这个问题的方法。 我们不该视这两个问题 为毫不相关的两件事， 而应该联合起来看这两个问题。 我们的食物来自世界各地。 全世界的人们也都纷纷引进我们的饮食系统。 我们极需要换个角度来看待这件事。
我发现 这里有很多科技人员（我绝对不是他们中的一份子） 但很明显，使许多科学技术遍及各家各户 真的需要用上30几年才可以。 比如鼠标、网络以及微软的窗口操作系统。 大概有这样一个三十年的发展周期存在。 2010可以成为一个有意思的年。 因为这是30年发现周期的结尾。 而且是全球饮食系统的生日。 这是我要谈到的第一个生日。 我认为如果我们真的认识到 过去的三十年里发生的重大变化，那么我们就还有希望。 这是转基因粮食诞生的第三十个纪念日 7-11便利店的重量杯，麦当劳的麦乐鸡，高糖的谷物饮料， 美国的农业危机 我们与全球协商农业问题的方式的转变。 所以有很多理由促使我们将这三十年之际 视为创造新型饮食系统的重要时代。 我并不是唯一一个对三十年这件事感兴趣的人。 像麦克•宝兰 和杰米•奥利弗这样的标志性的人物在领取TED奖时纷纷希望 将这个过去的三十年 作为饮食系统的大改变。 好吧，我真的很在乎一九八零年 因为今年我也刚好三十岁了。 在我的一生中， 这个世界上发生的很多事情—— 作为一个对食物着迷的人—— 这一切都有改变。
我的第二个梦想 就是展望于下个三十年 我们可以再次改变饮食系统。 而且我们了解过去发生些什么， 所以如果从现在开始，从长远的角度来看饮食系统， 并考虑到科技与进步， 我们或许有可能创造一个全新的饮食系统。 当我在六十岁时再来TED演讲， 我就可以说这个项目成功了。 今天我要宣布一个新组织的开端， 或是在FEED项目中的一项新基金，叫做三十年计划。 这三十年计划锁定于 改变饮食系统的 长期计划。 我想，若把国际对于饥饿的关注 与国内对于肥胖的关注综合起来 我们或许能寻求到一个长期的解决方案 使饮食系统更有利于人民。
我们通常认为这些系统各自大相径庭， 而且人们总是争论有机食物是否可以填饱世界。 如果我们放眼三十年， 将这些想法综合起来会更有希望。 我希望能把不同的组织联合起来 比如像“ONE战役”以及“慢速食物” 这样现在看来还不是很普遍的活动 可以共同讨论整体而具有系统性的长期解决方案， 目的为每一个人改善饮食系统。 我曾经的想法是这样的，看， 事实是这样的，南布朗克斯（纽约）的孩子们需要苹果和胡萝卜， 博茨瓦纳的孩子们也同样。 我们如何才能为那些孩子弄到这些有营养的食物呢？
另外一件在全球广受关注的事是鱼类和肉类的生产。 懂得如何生产蛋白质 在某种意义上来说可造福环境以及人类 而且对于气候变化 以及如何使用石化化肥都很重要。 这些话题互相都密切相关 且都是长期性的， 对于非洲的小户型农民 以及美国兼顾农民与消费者双重身份的人们，都是非常重要的。
我们可以从一个全新的角度来看加工过的食品， 其实我们把石化化肥 这类的负外部性的价钱 附加在一包薯条里了。 如果一包薯条的基本价格 超过了一个苹果， 那么我们真该重新审视 个人对食物的选择所承担的责任。 因为做出的选择决定了饮食结构 而不是由谷物、豆类及小麦制作的那四分之三的产品。
30Project.org这个网站已经成立。 而且我已召集几个组织来共同合作，一同开始。 接下来的几个月项目规模会继续扩大。 我真心的希望大家都可以考虑一些长远的问题 如饮食系统， 然后决心改变。
(热烈掌声)

------------------------
Obesity + Hunger = 1 global food issue
I'm Ellen, and I'm totally obsessed with food. But I didn't start out obsessed with food. I started out obsessed with global security policy because I lived in New York during 9/11, and it was obviously a very relevant thing. And I got from global security policy to food because I realized, when I'm hungry, I'm really pissed off. And I'm assuming the rest of the world is too. Especially if you're hungry and your kids are hungry and your neighbor's kids are hungry and your whole neighborhood is hungry, you're pretty angry. And actually, lo-and-behold, it looks pretty much like the areas of the world that are hungry are also the areas of the world that are pretty insecure.

So I took a job at the United Nations World Food Programme as a way to try to address these security issues through food security issues. And while I was there, I came across what I think is the most brilliant of their programs. It's called School Feeding, and it's a really simple idea to sort of get in the middle of cycle of poverty and hunger that continues for a lot of people around the world, and stop it. By giving kids a free school meal, it gets them into school, which is obviously education, the first step out of poverty. But it also gives them the micronutrients and the macronutrients they need to really develop both mentally and physically.

While I was working at the U.N. I met this girl. Her name is Lauren Bush. And she had this really awesome idea to sell the bag called the "Feed Bag" -- which is really beautifully ironic because you can strap on the Feed Bag. But each bag we sell would provide a year's worth of school meals for one kid. It's so simple, and we thought, you know, okay, it costs between 20 and 50 bucks to provide school feeding for a year. We could sell these bags and raise a ton of money and a ton of awareness for the World Food Programme. But of course, you know at the U.N., sometimes things move slowly, and they basically said no. And we thought, God, this is such a good idea and it's going to raise so much money. So we said screw it, we'll just start our own company, which we did three years ago. So that was kind of my first dream, was to start this company called FEED. And here's a screenshot of our website. We did this bag for Haiti, and we launched it just a month after the earthquake to provide school meals for kids in Haiti. So FEED's doing great. We've so far provided 55 million meals to kids around the world by selling now 555,000 bags, a ton of bags, a lot of bags.

All this time you're -- when you think about hunger, it's a hard thing to think about, because what we think about is eating. I think about eating a lot, and I really love it. And the thing that's a little strange about international hunger and talking about international issues is that most people kind of want to know what are you doing in America. What are you doing for America's kids? There's definitely hunger in America, 49 million people and almost 16.7 million children. I mean that's pretty dramatic for our own country. Hunger definitely means something a little bit different in America than it does internationally, but it's incredibly important to address hunger in our own country. But obviously the bigger problem that we all know about is obesity, and it's dramatic. The other thing that's dramatic is that both hunger and obesity have really risen in the last 30 years. Unfortunately, obesity's not only an American problem. It's actually been spreading all around the world and mainly through our kind of food systems that we're exporting. The numbers are pretty crazy. There's a billion people obese or overweight and a billion people hungry.

So those seem like two bifurcated problems, but I kind of started to think about, you know, what is obesity and hunger. What are both those things about? Well, they're both about food. And when you think about food, the underpinning of food in both cases is potentially problematic agriculture. And agriculture is where food comes from. Well, agriculture in America's very interesting. It's very consolidated. And the foods that are produced lead to the foods that we eat. Well, the foods that are produced are, more or less, corn, soy and wheat. And as you can see, that's three-quarters of the food that we're eating for the most part, processed foods and fast foods. Unfortunately, in our agricultural system, we haven't done a good job in the last three decades of exporting those technologies around the world. So African agriculture, which is the place of most hunger in the world, has actually fallen precipitously as hunger has risen. So somehow we're not making the connect between exporting a good agricultural system that will help feed people all around the world.

Who is farming them? That's what I was wondering. And so I went and stood on a big grain bin in the mid-west. And that really didn't help me understand farming, but I think I took a really cool picture. And you know, the reality is that between farmers in America, who actually quite frankly, when I spend time in the mid-west, are pretty large in general. And their farms are also large. But farmers in the rest of the world are actually quite skinny, and that's because they're starving. Most hungry people in the world are subsistence farmers. And most of those people are women -- which is a totally other topic that I won't get on right now, but I'd love to do the feminist thing at some point. I think it's really interesting to look at agriculture from these two sides. There's this large, consolidated farming that's led to what we eat in America. And it's really been since around 1980, after the oil crisis, when, you know, mass consolidation, mass exodus of small farmers in this country. And then in the same time period, you know, we've kind of left African farmers to do their own thing. Unfortunately, what is farmed ends up as what we eat. And in America, a lot of what we eat has led to obesity and has led to a real change in sort of what our diet is in the last 30 years.

It's crazy. A fifth of kids under two drinks soda. Hello. You don't put soda in bottles. But people do because it's so cheap. And so our whole food system in the last 30 years has really shifted. I think, you know, it's not just in our own country, but really we're exporting the system around the world. And when you look at the data of least developed countries -- especially in cities, which are growing really rapidly -- people are eating American processed foods. And in one generation, they're going from hunger, and all of the detrimental health effects of hunger, to obesity and things like diabetes and heart disease in one generation. So the problematic food system is affecting both hunger and obesity. Not to beat a dead horse, but this is a global food system where there's a billion people hungry and billion people obese. I think that's the only way to look at it. And instead of taking these two things as bifurcated problems that are really separate, it's really important to look at them as one system. We get a lot of our food from all around the world. And people from all around the world are importing our food system. So it's incredibly relevant to start a new way of looking at it.

The thing is, I've learned -- and the technology people that are here, which I'm totally not one of them -- but apparently, it really takes 30 years for a lot of technologies to become really endemic to us, like the mouse and the internet and windows. You know, there's 30-year cycles. I think 2010 can be a really interesting year. Because it is the end of the 30-year cycle. And it's the birthday of the global food system. So that's the first birthday I want to talk about. You know, I think if we really think that this is something that's happened in the last 30 years, there's hope in that. It's the thirtieth anniversary of GMO crops and the Big Gulp, Chicken McNuggets, high fructose corn syrup, the farm crisis in America and the change in how we've addressed agriculture internationally. So there's a lot of reasons to take this 30-year time period as sort of the creation of this new food system. I'm not the only one who's obsessed with this whole 30-year thing. The icons like Michael Pollan and Jamie Oliver in his TED Prize wish both addressed this last three decade time period as incredibly relevant for food system change. Well, I really care about 1980 because it's also the thirtieth anniversary of me this year. And so in my lifetime, a lot of what's happened in the world -- and being a person obsessed with food -- a lot of this has really changed.

So my second dream is that I think we can look to the next 30 years as a time to change the food system again. And we know what's happened in the past, so if we start now, and we look at technologies and improvements to the food system long term, we might be able to recreated the food system. So when I give my next Talk and I'm 60 years-old, I'll be able to say that it's been a success. So I'm announcing today the start of a new organization, or a new fund within the FEED foundation, called the 30 Project. And the 30 Project is really focused on these long term ideas for food system change. And I think by aligning international advocates that are addressing hunger and domestic advocates that are addressing obesity, we might actually look for long term solutions that will make the food system better for everyone.

We all tend to think that these systems are quite different. And people argue whether or not organic can feed the world. But if we take a 30-year view, there's more hope in collaborative ideas. So I'm hoping that by connecting really disparate organizations like the ONE campaign and Slow Food, which don't seem right now to have much in common, we can talk about holistic long term, systemic solutions that will improve food for everyone. Some ideas I've had is like, look, the reality is, kids in the South Bronx need apples and carrots and so do kids in Botswana. And how are we going to get those kids those nutritious foods?

Another thing that's become incredibly global is production of meat and fish. Understanding how to produce protein in a way that's healthy for the environment and healthy for people will be incredibly important to address things like climate change and how we use petrochemical fertilizers. And you know, these are really relevant topics that are long term and important for both people in Africa who are small farmers and people in America who are farmers and eaters.

And I also think that thinking about processed foods in a new way, where we actually price the negative externalities like petrochemicals and like fertilizer runoff into the price of a bag of chips. Well, if that bag of chips then becomes inherently more expensive than an apple, then maybe it's time for a different sense of personal responsibility in food choice because the choices are actually choices instead of three-quarters of the products being made from corn, soy and wheat.

The 30Project.org is launched, and I've gathered a coalition of a few organizations to start. And it'll be growing over the next few months. But I really hope that you will all think of ways that you can look long term at things like the food system and make change.

(Applause)